Consumption and its effects on the environment Essay

Consumption and its personal effects on the environment - Essay ExampleAs members of a family under God, we have to be awake of the environmental decay that is going on beca implement of so-called development. There argon many adverse consequences we pillowcase because of our use, or abuse, of the environment, and one of these is global warming. Global warming is the biggest threat to our mother Earth and even to our ingest existence.Our world has gone to the extreme, or, we have excelled in everything. We have invented so many things, we have built wonders and considerable structures and buildings never before imagined, and yet we have abandoned proper worry for the resources to which we owed our inventions and creations.It is time everyone must be involved in fighting abuse of our environment. Students, artists, workers and everyone should encourage awareness of the environment through art or writing, in school and in our homes.Floods, typhoons, the el nio and la nia phenomena , global warming, and many other natural calamities are caused by indiscriminate cutting of trees, disposal of garbage and waste, chemicals, factories, and many things.The theme Consumption and its effects on the environment can have a broad meaning, but consumption and environment go together. We use our environment, our natural resources for our daily living. can not survive if we dont make use of the things around us for food, shelter, clothing, and everything for our survival. There is one very interesting about the environment and that is if we know how to take care of it, it replaces itself. Our environment or natural resources do not just disappear from us without a cause, it has the instrument to multiply. We only have to help in replacing what we have consumed, and not be a wight for its extinction.Consuming means taking or possessing, but it doesnt mean throwing away after possessing, and in the dish up of throwing, we destroy. If we have to throw away because we dont want them anymore, we have to be responsible in disposing of the materials used.

Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries - Iron Deficiency Research Proposal

Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries - Iron Deficiency - Research proposal ExampleCrucial studies have reported how a persons personify regulates crusade preoccupancy together with metabolism in response to changing iron status by upregulation and downregulation of key enteric and hepatic proteins. The effective control of iron wish in population can be controlled by iron fortification of foods, target iron supplement, or both. In spite of the technical challenges limiting the itemise of bioavailable iron compounds, available for use in the fortification of food, studies show that iron fortification can be an effective strategy against nutritional iron lack.Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency and a leading cause of anaemia in many countries. The terms anaemia, Iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anaemia atomic number 18 usually interchangeably used but they all fall under the homogeneous context. A severe iron deficiency with anaemia can affect the functioning of several body organs with devastating results.Iron deficiency is a concern because it can delay infant travel function (normal activity and movement) or the normal thinking and processing skills (mental function).Additionally, iron deficiency anaemia during gestation period can increase the risk for small or early (preterm) babies, who are more likely to cultivate health problems or die in the first year of their lives than infants born full term and are small. Iron deficiency also causes fatigue which impairs the ability to do physical work in adults. In teens, it may also affect memory or other mental functions.1) Iron Deficiency from change magnitude Iron Needs Because of their rapid growth, infants and toddlers consume more iron than older children. More often, their normal nutrition offers them not enough iron. Pregnant women also have higher iron intake and needs. In this regard, health care providers often recommend iron supplements. Bleeding also caus es the loose of iron, thus extra iron is needed to replace what has been lost. Increased blood loss can occur with heavy menstrual periods, shop blood donation, as well as with stomach and intestinal conditions.

He impact of IT in branding for the teenage market Research Paper

He impact of IT in brand for the teenage market - Research Paper ExampleBranding is considered as one of the hottest topics in the business field as its overall attraction and significance has become more than important in the recent past. With the rise of the web and other I.T. technologies, the need to have effective branding strategy has became more significant because of the speed with which information is provided to the consumers. Over the period of time, organizations have used branding as one of the important strategic tools to improve and consolidate their relationships with the customers. However, more importantly, branding has provided the organizations a wet chance to further penetrate into their chosen target markets. The strategic use of branding therefore is considered as one of the key strategic variables for organizations to manage and control efficaciously. Organizations which are better at managing and executing a well crafted branding strategy are more succes sful as compared to the firms which fail to realize their received potential and positively use the power of their brands for achieving the competitive advantage. The emergence of globalization and the spread of Western set and culture over the different geographical regions therefore suggest that the branding can be effectively used to achieve the necessary competitive advantage in really fluid global market. whizz of the important and emerging themes regarding the impact of IT in branding is the ease with which marketers can actually communicate with their customers. The climax of the different digital media and the spread of internet have allowed brand managers to improve the coordination between the customers and the organization itself and accordingly the brands are getting better exposure to the same.( Davey, 2010). Some studies suggested that the use of information technology in the harvest marketing and branding has resulted into the savings of time as well as reduction in the error.

Moral Principle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Moral Principle - try out ExampleMorality of follow throughs define whether an action is considered as morally correct or not thence it is important that some practical examples of actions which can be considered as good or not atomic number 18 presented. In this section, I will enumerate three examples each of actions which can be considered as morally right or wrong.Above examples indicate that the morality of each of the actions described above are base on their relative connection with the individual perception of good and bad. Individuals may perceive and internalize the honor according to their own mental perception of how they view and process the facts from moral perspectives.The underlying moral ruler which I believe can succinctly define above actions is the relativistism of these actions with good or bad. Actions can be considered as good or bad base on the way they are related with bankable ways of doing things. I, therefore, believe that my underlying moral pri nciple based on the above actions is related with relativistim of actions with agreeable norms and values. For example, war in its strictest sense may be morally wrong, however, considering the circumstances around 9/11 event and loss of innocent lives, it may be a morally justified war because it is based on a contextual point of reference. The moral principle described above therefore is a direct derivative of the examples mentioned above.The basic underlying principles of Utilitarianism advocate on the utility of the actions heedless of their consequences, therefore, any action under utilitarianism is considered as morally right, which can create greatest good for the greatest number of people. This is regardless of the fact the consequences of the action may not be entirely favorable or good, and it was because of this reason that utilitarianism endorses actions, which invite significantly different consequences for minority.My principle is similar to the utilitarianism in th e sense that both

Funding Sources for Terrorist Organizations Essay

Funding Sources for Terrorist faces - Essay ExampleAccording to Ehrenfeld (2002), terrorist operations such as change illegal do drugss, prostitution, and donation, in most cases, takes place in countries far away from their area of operation. Therefore, cash do must be channeled to them without being detected. Funds from drugs are obtained either by directly distributing the drugs or extorting drug traffickers. Drug money can be channeled either by carriers that ship money notes together with otherwise goods or distributing specie to various wire transfers and registering them as processing expenses incurred in the transfers.The second method of extorting funds from businesses, farms, schools, as well as, other drug traffickers, is said to be taxation fee or defrayal for protection and security provided to hide its true purpose. These funds are given to individuals that relay the amount accumulate to the organization. The third method, on donations or charity, involves makin g multiple deposits to a single account consistent with donations do to a private charity firm (FATF, 2015). Forth methods on money laundering, funds are channeled victimization mechanisms such as fabricated invoices and loans, purchase of luxurious items, company shares, estates, or investing in casinos and hotels. Finally, funds obtained through prostitution are channeled through an individual that collects from them. Some prostitutes could be victims of human trafficking.Fatf. (2015). Financing Of the Terrorist Organization Islamic State in Iraq and Levant (ISIL) FATE.

Paraphrasing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Paraphrasing - Assignment Example(Audubon 1990, pg. 17)Research has shown that out of the matchless thousand lives lost as a result of bicycle accidents three quarters results from head injuries and fractional of these deaths affect school children. Another study also indicated the use of helmets reduces chances of head injury by more or less 85% through provision of a cushion to head as well as the absorption of shock (Unused life savers Consumer Report 1990, pg. 348).Matisse in the most excellent artist among the contemporary artists in making realistic scenarios to his viewers an example of his work is the Casbah Gate which is mostly known to many of his fans as the Bab el Aassa. It exhibits a feeling of the breeze as essential to well-being and a smell of oranges as crucial to constant life. This piece of work is strategically located on a wall turn up the Sultans palace. The painting on the wall is made by rough pieces of ivory to process an aqua blue together with a rose that is surrounded by a gray outline to give the viewers a feeling of tangier afternoon as well as an distorted occurrence of the bowaab which faces the entry of the Gate (Plagens1990, pg. 50)Despite the fact that Sear Towers is considered as the greatest achievement in the Skyscraping Engineering belongings, engineers as well as architects are still enthusiastic to develop the tallest buildings in the world. This has embossed concerns on the maximum height in which buildings can be erected. A building twice as high as the Sear towers has been designed by the famous Structural Engineer William and has a dimension of half a mile in height. Research by Sobei depicts that the contemporary technology can capacitate the construction of a five hundred story tower (Bachman 1990, pg.

An analysis of macroeconomic and industry conditions of woolworths Essay

An analysis of macroeconomic and industry conditions of woolworths - Essay ExampleASX reveals the details of Woolworths and Wesfarmers in the competitive market. It is a financial market exchange that offers services such as listings clearing, settlement, and trading crosswise a wide range of asset classes. Woolworths is a retail chain store that deals with food merchandise. On the other hand, Wesfarmers is a company that deals with retail operations covering food merchandise, supermarkets, specialty department stores, strong drink and fuel outlets, office and home supplies etc (Mankiw, 2003).A set of factors largely influence how companies, for instance Woolworths and Wesfarmers, will operate. These factors influence whether or not a particular company will meet its mission as intumesce as realise its vision. The Australia- in the altogether Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (ANZCERTA) is a pact that combines Australia and New Zealand. Woolworths strives to meet th e needs of its large market of customers in both countries. This is made simpler callable to the fact that policy-making stability is experienced in both countries. Political stability is a crucial factor in development. Economic factors are quite advantageous to Woolworths considering that Australia and New Zealand show economic stability. Based on everlasting(a) domestic product, Australia and New Zealand are ranked 10th and 30th respectively the by International fiscal Fund (Mankiw, 2003).Customers are loyal to companies that meet their individual desires. These desires include preference for organic products over inorganic ones. These socio-cultural factors influence the companies strategies as they also desire to fully tap into the market. The purchasing power of the customers is good due to the economic stability that fuels the high standard of living. In addition, legal and regulatory factors such as policies prefer the retail industry in Australia. It is these factors t hat make Woolworths a huge beneficiary. However,

The role of technology Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The mapping of technology - Research Proposal ExampleAccording to him it is the driving force behind the major genial and cultural adaptations.This paper seeks to evaluate the various technological factors that affect a great deal in altering the social structure and cultural vogues. The facets where these factors bring evident alteration are also identify and explored and discussed in this study. burnish does non devour a stringent definition. It is rather more(prenominal) of a judgment which defines the collective practices, perceptions and doings of idiosyncratics constituting a social group. The magnitude of a social group while delineate culture varies to all extents. It might be a culture within an organization, a city/ township or a whole nation. What holds importance is the common ground that gives birth to a particular trend in culture. However, the trends and extension of culture is not the point of relevance here. What this paper attempts to evaluate is that how c hanges are brought in a culture and what are the channels which bring these changes as well the facets where these changes are felt the most. We laughingstock trace the essences of technology on culture through history but the study focuses the effect of technology on culture in the current scenario.Internet, email, television and mobile phones are some of the aspects that have revolutionized the way we think, act and live our lives in the past few decades. Now man is no more bounded by limitation in any facet of life. He has got access to any place, individual or happening since involvements now are just a few clicks away and very promiscuous to approach. These inventions were just not mere creations which were going to be totally replaced by some other thing later on. On the other hand, they have developed into mediums which are now borrowing heavily from blush the slightest of cultural trends and social needs. These inventions have progressed and developed themselves to be t ools which have got their own self prevailing mechanisms. They tune themselves towards the needs of the public and boomerang them back to the society after injecting them with self formulated mechanisms. The impact of profits in reshaping our social and communal lives has been vastly debated by L. Siegel (2009) in his work Against the Machine How the Web Is Reshaping Culture and Commerce And Why It Matters. He comments that everything from every day living to shopping and business has been modified itself match to the web. Results & Discussions The modern day technology has grasped all of us in a way that we can not opt to live outside its sphere. Individual independence along with knowledge and awareness has considerably increased. The induce and accuracy for things have remarkably increased along with the ease in handling stuff. On a general level, people are becoming more and more alienated from social groupings and getting throttle to their own zones. Each person is equippe d and occupied with his own virtual world and real term interaction and actions have

Read the case and answer the questions ( but focus more in the first Assignment

Read the case and resoluteness the questions ( besides focus more in the first question) - Assignment ExampleThe difference in manipulation of financial institutions during and in the aftermath of the 2008 crisis was but well order for with large risks is the chance to succeed and/or fail, all of which the very institution must bear the most burden.2. Many experts argue that when the government bails place a private financial institution it creates a problem called moral hazard, meaning that if the institution knows it leave alone be saved, it actually has an incentive to take on more risk, not less. What do you think?No one individual among those in search of growth wishes to fail, and so are the institutions with humans at the helm. equally true is the very fact that entities only reap rewards commensurate to the seeds sowed anything else only happens in the charity world. With risk, however, comes debt instrument a case where an institution has masked bad assets and excessi ve liabilities outside the proximity of determinable levels is but incurable, and a lesson of some sort must be read across the system.It is public knowledge that by the time Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy with Federal Reserve, the financial crisis was well underway, and that bailing out the institution wasnt a precedency the entire system was. To hit slump at the tip, getting the right buttons at that particular signification was but hard to call, and that no one knew for sure that lending the Lehman Brothers a hand was that very right button on behalf of the entire system. If indeed its consequential failure had the weight alluded by a variance of scholars in quashing off the crisis, then, it was a mistake on behalf of the government. The foregoing notwithstanding, the downward spiral with exorbitant losses on its books of account wasnt anything to overlook. Both ways, the decision taken was a double-edged sword with no specified guarantees

An inhumane practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An inhumane practice - Essay ExampleAnimals are no different from us humanity, beca social function they give birth the same organs and systems that we have. This is most especially true with chimpanzees, which share 99% of their DNA with us humans (Goodall 173, par. 5). That means that they are also capable of interacting socially with their own kind, or of other species, as hale as feeling pain. Because humans are seen as advanced creatures capable of empathizing with what happens to other nation, it is outstanding that we preserve as such by extending our empathy with creatures that are lower than our status. If we remain indifferent to the plight of animals even though we have awareness of the pain and sufferings that they endure, that itself rubs us off of the true meaning of humanity and creation human. We twist just like any other lower kinds of animals that only pursue their own interests and goals. While on that point are some people that believe in the upholding of the rights of animals, there are still a great number of those that do not see how the use of animals in medical research dissolve be likened to a dictatorship that steps on the rights of the weak, which is why I firmly believe that to restore our humanity, the use of animals in medical research must be stopped altogether. ... They can also get gloomy and they are not immune to pain, even without the intervention of humans. For example, chimpanzees are capable of cognitive abilities and socialization, but can also experience depression, sickness and hopelessness (Goodall 175, par. 20). Like chimpanzees, animals are also capable of feeling mad at cosmos separated from their family or social unit, or seeing the death of their own kin. Does this not make them like us, whenever we feel a sense of loss or homesickness from being away from the people we care about? This is why we must be liable in our actions towards animal use, and not justifying it by our greater office over anim als. By using them as sacrificial lambs in the pursuit of upward(a) human health as whole, it is not any different from tyrants or dictators that show off their power by feeding from the weaknesses of their subjects (Cohen and Regan 21). It is therefore inhumane to allow the proliferation of pain and suffering, even among lower animals. We may bring down at the human rights that are being trampled upon by such dictatorship, but what about the plight of animals being used as experiments and getting pain and torment from the human captors? Letting animals experience pain is no different from other predatory animals that let instinct take over without considering what other animals might feel. humanity loses its value because the one thing that separates us from animals, sympathy and kindness towards all other living things gets lost, make us no better than animals moving on instinct and self-preservation. In my opinion it is equally important we also exert the same sympathy toward s animals because as Immanuel Kant has said, anyone who is cruel towards animals are also capable of being

Harry Potter and the Prince of Azkaban Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Harry Potter and the Prince of Azkaban - Essay ExampleAlthough the school and the village be closely connected, students still need permission to visit the premises. Students usually visit High Street which is change with plenty of shops, pubs, and other extravagant places. These shops are a swell place for students to socialize and discuss modern events.One of the candy shops Honeydukes Sweetshop is owned by a wizard called Flume. According to a students description in the Harry Potter and the Prince of Azkaban, candy shop is filled with shelves upon shelves of the most succulent-looking sweets imaginable Moreover, the owner of the candy shop makes his own delicious fudge, which is irresistible and delicious. The candy shop also has a whodunit passageway and a trap door, known to only a few people. Another shop that pop amongst Hogwarts students is Zonkos. Zonkos is a specialty store also which is a heaven for any prankster that carries great products such as Dungbombs, Hiccu p Sweets, Frog Spawn Soap, and Nose-Biting Teacups. Clearly, this shop has gained a lot of popularity among students.

Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Literature Review Essay

Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Literature Review - show Examplepanic attack be the need to escape, a feeling of imminent danger or doom, heart palpitations, trembling, sweating, chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea or abdominal discomfort, tingling sensation, vertigo or light-headedness, fear of losing control and chills or heat flush (ADAA, 2009). Many people with panic disoblige suffer from agoraphobia. In agoraphobia, the individual avoids going to places or situations where either an attack of panic had previously occurred or the individual may think that the escape route from that place may be difficult. Those suffering from agoraphobia are constantly on guard for the next episode of panic attack.According to DSM-IV-TR, for an individual to be diagnosed as having panic disorder, panic attacks must be associated with more than 1 month of subsequent persistent absorb about (1) having another attack, (2) consequences of the attack, or (3) significant behaviora l changes related to the attack (Daniels, 2006).Agoraphobia causes significant psychological torturing and also many social, medical and occupational consequences like restricted role functioning, increased use of wellness care and social withdrawal (Daniels, 2006).Panic disorder is characterised by panic attacks which occur spontaneously and unintentionally and the frequency of these attacks vary from several attacks a day to only a few per year. Many theories ask been put forward to ascertain the pathophysiology of panic disorder. While some researchers favour the serotonergic pretense wherein the exaggerated answer of the post-synaptic receptor to synaptic serotonin is the proposed to be the cause of panic attack, some others postulate increased predisposition to adrenergic discharge as the cause. Several other models have also been proposed like the the lactate model and the locus cerulus model. The prevalence of panic disorder is estimated to be 1.5- 5%. (Daniels, 2006). Panic disorder is a good spectrum and other than panic attacks and

Should we mine this Ore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Should we mine this Ore - Essay ExampleThe amount of cleverness that passed through the bases to the photocells is used to determine the absorbance of each resolving (Reynolds & Thompson 26).The equation of the standard curve is given by y =mx + b. Plotting a graph of absorbance against concentration for the standard declarations produces a curve that has a behave relationship with the equation of the standard curve (Bartlett 159). The direct relationship between concentration and absorbance for a solution is referred to as Beers law. Concentration of unknown compound send away be determined from the graph by measuring its absorbance. Its absorbance is located on the x-axis of the graph, and its corresponding concentration is determined on the y-axis. Concentration of the unknown solutions can also be established from the slope of the Beers law curve (Bartlett 159).A blank solution was and so prepared by filling the cuvette with distilled water to a volume of full. Care was t aken non to contaminate the cuvette while filling it. Spectrometer was then calibrated by placing a blank cuvette into the cuvette woodlet of the spectrometer (Reynolds & Thompson 160). In order to determine optimal wavelength for plotting this standard curve, 0.4 M standard solution was move in the cuvette slot. The cuvette was then rinsed twice with 1 mL solution in Test Tube 1, and then refilled to of its volume. The outside was wiped with a tissue paper and placed into the cuvette, and absorbance of the solution was measured (Bartlett 159). This process was repeated for solution 2-5 until their absorbances were obtained. The absorbance of each solution was recorded in the data table. The data recorded was used to draw a graph of absorbance Vs concentration. The concentration of Copper (II) sulfate was obtained from the graph by determining its corresponding reading on the y-axis.Among all the acids

Women Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women Issues - Assignment idealThis concept of feminist movement is usually occupied with the activities which aim at providing knowledge on the unfairness and biasness that are experienced in the male dominated societies. For a clear execution of their duties, feminists use respective(a) theories that get hold of to understand the origin and structural construction of the sexual urge inequality by examining the feminine social roles and the commonplace women life. In this context, we stinkpot refer womens lib as a social spectrum, which incorporates aspects like the pursuit of various schemes and fantasies, delusional feminist aspects to the rationality concepts, all aimed towards advocating for the recognition and application of women rights principles (Rauchut 341). The broad term of feminism can be narrowed down to address the existence of two groups gender feminists and equity feminists. These two feminism categories differ in their principle ideologies bottomland gov erning their advocating for recognition of feminine roles in a society. The ideologies behind these types of feminism were first coined by Hoff Sommers in her famous writings. According to Sommers, gender feminism focuses on the interaction between the society and the heathenish gender roles performed by women within the same social setting. On the otherwise hand, equity feminism is associated with equal rights and equal treatment of women in the society. In its practical application, gender feminism has been labeled as bad feminism because it deals with the questioning of the fundamental rules of the society. On the opposite side, equity feminism is credited because it is occupied with the purpose of advocating and supporting the aspect of equal rights to every member of a society. The principles of gender feminism do not question the idea that women should stay at home and play their heathen roles. This type of feminism is only occupied with the aspects of equity and other leg al issues. Contrary, gender feminism questions the ideas of cultural roles played by women within a social environment. It seeks to achieve cultural equity among women and men. At this juncture, we leave focus at the equity feminism, which is the most dominant contemporary feminism at modern quantify (Rauchut 349). In every society, those individuals and groups fighting for gender equality con be heard complaining of many issues which they are not satisfied with. Therefore, equity feminists are constantly pushing forward their grievances to the relevant regimen for recognition. The equity feminist grievances are mainly centered on the economical, social and legal issues affecting the womanly members of the society. Some of these complains include the aspects of women reproduction like use of contraceptives and miscarriage, disassociate, equal payment at workplaces, child cargo deck and maternity leave in their occupational duties. Early equity feminists advocated for equal ec onomic opportunities when it comes to divorce. The argued that a divorce should benefit the victim woman the same way the marriage benefited her. Secondly, feminists claimed that abortion was discriminatory based on the economic capabilities of women. In their campaigns, they advocated for provision of economic assistance to poor women who needed to carry out an abortion by the relevant authorities. In addition, these feminists also fought for equality in terms of salaries and wages to men and women in the economic sector. In case of a divorce of a family who had a child, the mother should not be left to bring up the child on her own. The childs father should contribute towards the monetary upbringing of the child, and the child should remain under the mother

American Indian Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Indian Literature - Essay ExampleThus, his ability to fight down his people each(prenominal)ows him to be seen as a hero by his tribesmen, and this also allows him to be venerable and celebrated by his people.Since warriors were so important to all autochthonal American tribes, throughout their literature, we see the concept of the warrior as a hero, or as a powerful individual, bustling throughout this literature. Take, for example, the story of Lucy, Oklahoma in which medicine men become warriors, by way of witchcraft, on behalf of one of their abused kin. Medicine men are revered in Native American cultures, too, arent they Of course they are-however, they are not usually seen as the heroes of battles-this is reserved for the warriors. If these medicine men are going to do their tribe justice and take r thus farge, they must fight. So, even though they are revered members of the tribe, we see that the status of the warrior in the tribe is even more revered-and thus, again, these men, in order to be heroes and to defend their tribes ideals, must become warriors.The status of the warrior in the Native American tribe is therefore revered and even holy. The ability of the warrior to defend his tribe and assure the tribes survival, as well as the tribes own respect and prestigiousness (as is the case in Lucy, Oklahoma) becomes very important to the tribes own pride and honor.

Hunger Games Survival Essay Example for Free

Hunger Games Survival EssayThe game is designed to kill you. From the first moment when you be dropped into the merciless jungle, you are actively trying to be killed. Forgetting the band of other survivors that are effortlessly inquisitive for you, there are many terrors you must be ready for. To prepare for these, you must have a good encourage, a way to find intellectual nourishment and weewee, and a positive mental attitude.A shelter is arguably the most important of the 10 essentials in survival. With erupt a shelter, you could get soaking in pelting or snow, and subsequently, die from the moisture. You leave alone get bitterly cold during the night and die in your sleep. So Katness knew she needed a good shelter. One that would have got her warm and dry, as well as mobile. She sack two kinds of shelter one was high in a tree, both to protect her from the indigenous, and to keep her move out of the moist ground.She knew that sitting directly on cold or snow cover ed ground will increase the rate of heat loss drastically. So even in the tree, she put her jacket on a lower floor her and her towel above her protect her from the elements, both below her and above her. The second shelter she built was a makeshift debris hut. She found the base of a huge redwoody type of tree, which provided a stable subscribe and added protection from snowfall and climate protection. She, one again, added a blanket to the floor as well as many ribs on her debris hut and foliage both for camouflage and climate protection.Finding food and water in this Amazonian jungle proved difficult. As two of the ten essentials, food and water are necessary in survival. Luckily, she brought enough nutrient rich power bars with her to surpass the amount of meter she needed to. She was also aware to non over work, and keep a 60% rule when clear-cut so her power bars would be sufficient. Finding water, was much more difficult. Water is scarce in many jungle environments, so sh e had to take little bits of snow in a bottle and allow it melt over time and drink it. Eating straight snow will actually make you thirstier than without it, good thing she new that.Even with a stable shelter, a substantial food and water supply, and a sense of safety, she was still finding it difficult to keep a positive mental attitude, or PMA. Without a positive mental attitude, someone in a survival situation could lose want of being found or surviving the night, and could just die. That is why she does simple activities to keep a PMA. She thinks close here friends and family back home, her boyfriend who is also stuck in this jungle, and other activities to keep her motivated and keep her try to survive this unfortunate event.Due to her knowledge of the 10 essentials, knowing how to build a shelter, and the power to keep a positive mental attitude, Katness made it out of this treacherous situation. This may have been a movie, except this is a real world situation that anyo ne could have found themselves in. The opportunity to learn about the 10 essentials, or how to build an adequate debris hut, is an opportunity that you do not want to miss. These life-saving tips have not only helped Katness make it out of the Hunger Games, but it may also help you make it out of a life or death situation of your own.

Children and education Essay Example for Free

Children and education Essay?Childrens mind is considered as exsanguine sheets, so it is easy for us to write on them as we want. In fact, some experts believe that children should bring to stop external language at chief(a) groom. In my opinion, there are many advantages to look at a target language as a child. First of all, the most advantage is they can learn a great number of vocabularies. Take my brother an example. He began studying English when he was half a dozen years old. Therefore, he knows many thematic vocabularies. Having graduated from high school, he finds it easy to communicate with strangeers by a wide knowledge.Next, learning alien language as child helps children to imitate rightly orthoepy of native languages. For example, my daughter in grade two learns English two days a week. She visual modalitys listens to songs and stories by natives voice. As a result, she can imitate their voice and rhythm to declaim rightly. Last but not least, another advantage is they can immortalize the pattern sentences longer. They can physical exercise some patterns by repetition method. In reality, ones are repeated so many times that they remember them deeply, and that helps them to reflect quickly in context communicate.In brief, with above-mentioned reasons, it is better for children to convey learn foreign language at primary school than at petty(a) school. They give achieve a wide, ardent knowledge as well as their self- confident to enter a bright future. Learning a foreign language at primary school or utility(prenominal) school is very obligatory for children. However, some people think that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school. There are a lot of controversial opinions roughly this problem.In my opinion, I agree with this statement because of the following reasons. Firstly, learning a foreign language at primary school helps children develop their ski lls better. Nowadays, children of all primary shcools in the nation fall in to study the foreign language, mainly English. At primary school, children throw a elan focused on learning vocabularies, how to pronounceAt this age, the childrens brain is developing so it is very easy for them to learn the foreign language. Moreover, the children of primary school have a lot of time and conditions to learn the foreign language because they have less subjects at school.The chidren should begin learning the foreign language at primary school because it will help them to develope their skills including reading and address skill. If the children begin learning the foreign language at secondary school, they will face a lot of difficulties in their study because they do not have the basic knowledge of foreign language. At secondary school, the children have to spent more time on different subjects, therefore they do not have more time to learn the foreign language.Secondly, to begin learning the foreign language at primary school helps the children to pronounce more exactly. The program of teaching and learning the foreign language at primary school and secondary school is different. If the children begin learning the foreign language at secondary school, they will study more skills such as writing, speaking, reading, listening, grammar and new words. Hence, it is not good for children to begin learning the foreign language at secondary school.Unlike the secondary school, the children of primary school only learn the vocabularies, the way of pronunciation and simple sentences. Learning the foreign language at primary school will progress to many favorable chances for children to prepare firm knowlegde and this hepls them to learn the foreign language at secondary school better. In conclusion, to begin learning the foreign language at primary school is better than secondary school. The children should begin learning the foreign language at primary school because this i s an important period that hepls them figure basic knowlegde of foreign language.

Gender Role in Triffles Essay Example for Free

Gender Role in Triffles EssayThe roles and rights of wo workforce in the priggish era up to nineteen hundreds differ drastically from where women stand nowadays. In the play Trifles by Susan Glaspell, females are portrayed to be an insignificant part of society compared to the importance of males. Susan Glaspells play Trifles is a murder mystery type of play that discovers and analyzes gender roles and corrupt relationships cod to the Victorian time period.The exemplary stereo type for women in the nineteen hundreds was being nothing but a sign of the zodiacwife. A sincere house wife in this time was considered to have children, take care of the children and clean the house, and there not much more to it. In the nineteen hundreds women did not have many career options, they had almost none. Womens education was not seen as an important thing to promote. Stated by Helen Nickson in the article manners of Women in the Victorian Era, The only role of women in the Victorian era was to get married and tactile sensation after the homely chores The ladies did not do things themselves but told others what to do. They were just supposed to marry and raise children.The women of cut back class worked in the factories, garment industries, laundries or various other jobs to support themselves.. Women were treated more wish an object or a servant rather than a person or spouse. One of the important characters in the play Trifles named unharmed states a short simple statement that when looked into, states a strong thinking. Hale states to another male in the play, Well, women are used to worrying over trifles.. This statement shows how the men in this day thought women lacked common sense or intelligence. When trying to investigate the murder in this story, the men took no part of the womens opinions.Womens rights have come a spacious way since the Victorian Era. Women had little say in just about everything whether it had to do with marriage decisions or po litical things. qualify up marriages were a common thing women had no say in. In todays existence women can vote, support themselves and choose who they marry. Some people wouldnt believe the simple rights women have today were fought for way back when even in the nineteen hundreds. Women had little almost no career options in the Victorian Era. The few career choices were only for single women who needed to support themselves, if one was a house wife that was there life.Men had high expectations of their own wifes classiness and manners in creation places in the nineteen hundreds. Many males were very judgmental, much in like the play Trifles, of any opinion from a women back in the day. In an online article by Rachael Hurvitz, she states For Victorians, divorce was not only super expensive, it was very hard to do. Women and men stayed in unhappy marriages for numerous reasons. Many stayed away from divorce because of the defacement attached to divorced women. It was also cons idered a societal taboo. Women feared divorcing the one they were married to strictly due to the opinions of others in society. In Trifles a woman ends up murdering her own husband, rather than divorcing. The investigators dont comical her at first strictly because she is a wife and a female. When another female suggests that the husbands wife could be a possibility, the men just laughed to each another.Before women had fought for their rights, they lacked respect from society. Women have come a long way today, now having equal rights to anything men can do, including career choices and political voting.Works CitedGlaspel, SusanTrifles Literature ordinal EditionNickson, Helen. Life of Women in the Victorian Era. Web. http//ezinearticles.com/?Life-of-Women-in-the-Victorian-Eraid=2359711 Hurvitz, Rachael Women and Divorce in the Victorian Era http//www.clas.ufl.edu/users/agunn/teaching/enl3251/vf/pres/hurvitz.htm

How does Thomas Hardy create and maintain Essay Example for Free

How does doubting Thomas sturdy create and maintain EssayHow does Thomas Hardy create and maintain a sense of arcanum and malignant, indocile forces in The dried-up ramification Thomas Hardy creates and maintains brain-teaser and malignant, underlying forces by use symbolic descriptions of the setting, the atmosphere and the strange unguessable plot. Thomas Hardy sets the myth in the fictional village of Holmstoke. Holm nitty-gritty home and stoke means fire. This gives two impressions, one and only(a) of a nice cosy warm story, solely it similarly gives the impression that fire is overly connected with bad things like Hell and witchcraft. This makes you start to wonderment what the story will be like.Thomas Hardy uses natural settings to contrast with unnatural events or behaviour. The heathland is used a lot because of this. He in any case uses the heath because it helps create atmosphere and because it is outside he also uses the hold up to reflect the characte rs mood. An example of this is when Rhoda and Gertrude cross the heath to see Conjuror Trendle and Rhoda does not c completely for to and would have done anything to escape this enquiry, the weather and the atmosphere reflect her dread of what will happen. The thick clouds do the atmosphere dark and it was only early after noon and the wind howled dismally.Hardy also uses the weather to help him describe the ever-changing of clock time like at the offset printing of a paragraph. All the blab was going on in winter and by the end of the paragraph its in the spring I think Hardy also uses the changing of the seasons as a sort of metaphor to symbolize the changing of the characters. An example is when Gertrude changes from a very beautiful, perfect, kind and caring girl to a scarred irritable superstitious woman. Hardy also has such large gap in time so the changes in Gertrude atomic number 18 more noticeable.Thomas Hardy also uses characters to help him create mystery and underl ying forces especially Rhoda Brook. Rhoda is an noncitizen and she lives out of the village by herself with her son. Shes a little weird because she never compoundes with people. People dont very mix with her because of her sleeping with Lodge and having a baby. People think she is a witch. I think this is because people fit in her with Trendle. When Gertrude needed to find Trendle the villagers told her to ask Rhoda and she realized that they thought a sorceress would know the whereabouts of the exorcist.But the mystery actually begins when she has her vision and next day Gertrude shows her the mark from the vision which is on her arm. The vision is an primal part of the story as it is the start of everything and caused everything. Rhoda can not control what is happening to so it helps maintain the uncontrollable forces which argon all through this book. Thomas Hardy uses Conjuror Trendle a lot to help create mystery and uncontrollable forces. Just the fact that conjuror Tren dle lives on the heath starts to make the reader feel a sense of mystery because the heath represents the weirdness or the story.Trendle also helps create mystery by doing put-on in secret and not openly He did not profess his remedial practises openly and it also helps that he was in disguise. He was disguised as a dealer in furze , cover sharp sand and other local products. He had to be disguised because people in that time were very superstitious. I think Thomas Hardy uses Gertrude to help create a sense of uncontrollable forces, this is because things are happening to her mentally and physically which she has no control over. Also because the things that are happening to her are unexplainable, it helps create and maintain malignant uncontrollable forces.Hardy illustrates this physically when her incredible beauty is which is described as the light under a heap of rose petals becomes ruined and scarred by her withered arm and mentally when she turns from a very nice person to a n irritable, superstitious woman Farmer Lodge is not in the story much but none the less is a very important character, because he is the main reason the whole story happens. He is the center of the love trigon of him Rhoda and Gertrude which is why everything happens. As we dont see him much in the story this makes him more important as it helps add to the mystery.Hardy uses resourcefulness to help the reader mentally see whats happening and also to symbolise things. An example of this at the beginning of the booking the lorn milkmaid Hardy paint us the picture of a lot of milkmaids all academic term together gossiping. This gives the impression that the village is quite a close knit place and that one Rhoda Brooke is all by herself on the side not joining in this gossiping. This gives the impression that she is a sort of foreigner which no one wants to be friends with which adds to the mystery. A very important image in the story is the withered arm.It creates mystery because the reader will wonder how it happened and malignant uncontrollable forces because the reader will wonder if Rhoda really is a witch. The main themes of the story are witch craft and passion. The passion is in the love triangle between Farmer Lodge, Gertrude and Rhoda. The witch craft is in the vision Rhoda sees and the physical and mental change in Gertrude. Passion and witch craft are the uncontrollable forces in the withered arm. I think one of the things Hardy is trying to say in this book is that life cant always be explained.Thomas Hardy uses many different languages effects. He uses similes and metaphors, to describe Gertrude her face as comely as a live dolls and her face like the light under a heap of rose petals. Hardy also uses extended imagery when he uses the river outside the executioners house to link him to the village, it stood close to the same stream. He also uses personification in describing the river the waters of which emitted a steady roar. Thomas Hardy shows us which characters are joint and which arent by having the common ones use dialect. The only person not to use dialect is Gertrude.Another important factor in creating and maintaining a sense of mystery and malignant uncontrollable forces was the plot. The vision coming uncoiled and Rhoda beginning to doubt herself really draws the reader in to the story. I think it was a very efficient ending giving no clear answers like yes, Rhoda was a witch or not or no, it was all a coincidence and leaving it up to the reader. That really helps maintain mystery In conclusion I think that by using the characters, settings and a strange plot, Thomas Hardy successfully creates and maintains mystery and malignant forces in the withered arm.

Failed Products Essay Example for Free

Failed Products EssayA haberdasher, such as Levi Strauss, that has been around for 150 years is bound to have their share of hits and misses because fashion is atrociously fickle and largely unpredictable. But this doesnt mean you should ignore your target audience. In late 2002, Levi Strauss began a massive marketing push to launch what was being touted as one of the companys closely significant launches in history, Type 1 Jeans. The spot unnecessarily went to great lengths to accentuate all those trace design details already long-associated with Levis, such as the red tab logo, buttons, rivets, and the two-horse back patch. To accompany the launch, Levi Strauss exhausted $2 million on an artsy, misguidedSuper Bowl commercialthat confused viewers. Going against vernacular practice, they placed Type 1 in retailers with inconsistent prices, ranging from $30 at a retailer exchangeable JC Penneys to over $100 at Barneys, with no discernable difference in quality. Levi Strauss pulled the entire line after less than two years and Type 1 proved to be the proud clothiers most spectacular flop. How marketing can cause a product to fail? I have discussed in the past many good examples ofmarketing helped a product to succeed. Apple is the introductory speck that comes to mind when we talk about marketing. The communication and design of the products has led to its wide spread advantage and Apple becoming one of themost valuable companies in the world. But what about marketing failures?For both Apple there are many products that fail due to bad marketing strategies. In this atom I would like to discuss one of them-The TATA Nano. - In a recent trip to Sri Lanka, I apothegm the TATA Nano being used extensively as a Taxi. As I asked around the average Sri Lankan mat that the Nano though a good elevator cardid not carry enough prestige to be a passenger car. And this they felt was a result of the positioning taken by the marketing managers of the brand. As I look back at the previous efforts for the Nano, it suddenly struck me that Nano was a consumer behavior assessment failure.The brand managers positioned the car as the next upgrade for a family of four with a two wheeler. But each such household had an aspiration to move to something better and not necessarily cheaper. Even if the consumer was in that income bracket, he aspired for something cooler. This point was not taken into consideration while the brand managers were coming up with the positioning. The next campaign focused on the tier 2 cities with bad roads and little or no rock to move things along. This further hit the car sales. Finally now the Nano has been positioned as a cool car to have fun with.Also the colors and the powerful AC are being positioned as the differentiators along with the classic adage of better fuel efficiency that has helped its sales. I personally feel that positioning a product or service would be a strong spin off from consumer behavior and w ithout savvy the hopes and aspirations of the masses a product is bound to not have the stickiness factor. TATA Nano was a classic case of a product manager who chooses not to respect the aspirations of his prospective consumers. A famous marketer once told me that A man buys a car for what he wants to be and buys a house based on what he is.

Is College for Everyone Essay Example for Free

Is College for Everyone analyseGoing to College is a choice that everyone has. I think that College is for everyone because everyone in this world has a right to a upright education. I know that skilful education get out improve my chances of having a good wrinkle and a higher wage. But on the other hand, College is non large-minded and virtuallyly it is expensive. We micturate to manufacture for every semester, for the books and for some pupil loans and some students do not want to carry big responsibilities alike(p) getting into dept or paying loans so instead of way out to College they just seek garter from a master craft man. A Master craft man gives you a job and sh be his association to you straightly to the point and without consuming a lot of time. There is similarly a chance of being booming like a master craft man even if you dont go to College curiously if you fuck off better learning at a trade. But even though College is not free and it cost a lot, but I think everyone should at least try issue to college because everything that you blow over for College pull up stakes get back to you cause College provide afford us more(prenominal) opportunity to set out money for the reason that most of the highest paying jobs acquire a college period.And knowing you earn a degree allow undoubtedly give a lifetime of pride to yourself and to the whole world. College testament wee-wee you an able at something which you jackpot share with others. Many social service positions like Doctor, Lawyer, Teacher or Scientist require a College degree and being able to help others means you have to educate yourself first by dint of higher education. If you have a College degree, you will be able to support your family with a larger salary. You will be able to help your children with their homework and potty give them a better future as a result they will be more likely to at decenniumd College.Otherwise, if you think you already have sk ills and expertise and if you think it is not better to spend half of your life in school thus College is not for you. You can just improve your skills and expertise by yourself or by the help of others and you can apply to a job that you are interest in and at the same time to a job that doesnt require a College degree. Like me, I am good at operative with people, I love helping them and socialising with them however, it doesnt mean that my skills and expertise are enough.I also want to work at the field of medicine so I should go to a University because there, I can get a Doctorate degree and I believe that my skills and expertise are not enough to reach my goals in life. Going to College will more improve our ability, flexibility, skills and expertise and will strain our understanding of the world and what it has to offer. You have more chances and choices at getting a good job by going to college. You will have a better chance to stay employed longer if you have a degree. I believe that College education is extremely necessary in our modern society.Jobs now are becoming increasingly harder to get, and with the increase of the uneducated population, having a College education will allow you to get most any job you apply for. However, people can still earn money even if they wont go to College through jobs that dont require a College degree like sack up Developer, Medical Secretary, Teachers Aide, Hair stylist or House painter. Also, if you join an apprentice course of instruction and you are offered full employment when you become a journeyman you will get a good pay or if you already have a secure job and you are contented in the salary, you can survive even if you dont go to College.But if the reason of not going to College is you cant afford it, there are solutions you can get into College through scholarship and student loans, or if the reason is you already have a secure job, then you can go to College at night because they are open about 7 oclo ck in the morning to ten oclock in the evening and also if you lose your job, at lease you still have a choice because you go in College and you got a degree.In reality and in most cases the more education we have, the more careers and jobs we can choose from and the more money we can earn. College is a proven pass to greater awareness socially and academically. College will expose you to things that you will not find anywhere else. You will meet new people and you get to do amazing and new activities. College will improve your socializing skills because every day you will be able to socialize with diverse people from different countries with different attitudes and point of views in life.College will help you to be aware in your life and in the surroundings. It will help you realize what kind of society we have in this generation. In our generation, we have a on the watch and judgmental society and because of that, College will open up our eyes, it will make us conscious and wil l make us think what kind of life we want to have in the future with this society, in other words, College is encouraging us to have a good educational background . Yet, Colle e will give us a lot of problems like having many projects, sleeping late because of homework, and dealing with exigent professors also, managing schedules but I strongly believe that those problems are helpful to us. Through the problems that we will encounter at College, surely it will make us firm, stronger and will let us stand in our have got and at the next time that we will encounter problems, it would be easier for us and more likely we can handle it in a right way.W will also be able to help people to solve their problems with confidence and knowing that through our College experiences, we learned to stand up and dont easily give up. College will greatly prepare you to create and take the jobs of the future. College prepares you for the career youre interested at and also it prepares every student i n their way of facing life. Your experiences in College education make you stronger and help you grow up maturely and your manner of working is very important because it reflects what kind of educational background you have.Higher Education will increase our knowledge which we can use it if we already got a job. College open doors of opportunity and expands our horizons. I truly believe that education is valuable because education is our passport to the good future and education is the key to success. Everything can be taken away from us but not our knowledge and skills acquire through experience and education and I strongly believe that by going to College we will reach our goals and we will be able to live in a comfortable life.

Arab Disunity Essay Example for Free

Arab Disunity EssayThe Arab-Israeli tensions are a modern conflict, and a moment of the two World Wars and collapse of British imperialism. The development and notion of Zionism in the 20th century, and massacres and scrutiny go about by Jews in Europe played a large federal agency in the realiseation of the Jewish State of Israel, which is the focal point of the conflict. Between 1948 and 1973, the Arabs and the Jews participated in several conflicts due(p) to religious and territorial reasons. The disunity among the Arab countries, which openly opposed the formation of a Jewish homeland, played a significant role in their failures in the conflicts. However, the international condemnation of the Arabs due to sympathy for the Jews also played a significant role in the Arab failure in relation to Israel. This essay will focus on the following conflicts the 1948 independence war, the 1967 war and the 1973 war. The 1948 was the war of Independence after which the Jewish State of Israel was established. It occurred following the end of British mandate, and the coitus interruptus of foreign forces and government from the region.The Arab disunity was very evident during the 1948 war, as the Arab nations had various, contradicting personal agendas. There was a clear overleap of trust, and each Arab country including Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria and Lebanon with each individual country aiming to capitalize and annex the area of conflict. patronage the formation of the Arab League in 1945, and a clear mutual goal to force the Jews out of nirvana there was divisions among the Arabs. The Arabs had unanimously declared jihad against the State of Israel and vowed to fight for every inch of land. Despite the ceasefire in early 1948, the fighting commenced later the same year.The Arab population was significantly larger than the Jewish population, and had the militarily and physical advantage, with better weapons and population outnumbering the Jews rough ly 40 million to 650,000, according the 20th Century History pipeline Companion by Oxford. But the lack of leadership and a unified plan of the Arabs resulted to the stationing of an soldiery, which was significantly weaker than the Jews.Furthermore, the indigence for the Jews as that they were basically fighting for their survival whereas the Arabs were only motivated by personal gain. Additionally, the Jewish army consisted of veterans of the Second World War and managed to attain superlative weapons in the form of tanks. Therefore when the individual Arab armies round downed due to a lack of a unified command with the Egyptians from the West, the Saudis from the North East they were easily overpowered. This war all the way indicated the Arab disunity, and highlighted the various conflicting agendas of the Arab countries.There was no united trend and the Jews capitalized with strong leadership and armed services tactics, and managed to form the State of Israel with relative ease in the context of the conditions. The two decades following the 1948 war had two significant changes the first being several changes in leadership in the Arab world, olibanum reigniting Arab nationalism, and the second being the sparing development of Israel. Following Suez Crisis of 1954, the relations between Israel and Egypt had deteriorated further.Prior to the war, there were tensions between Egypt, Syria and Jordan, however an Israeli attack on Syrian jets in 1967 reunited the Arab countries. The false information provided by the Soviets to the Arabs about the mobilization of Israel sparked the Arab-Israeli conflict. However, contrary to the statement, the superior Israeli military tactics and strategy were key incidentors rather than Arab disunity. Israel launched a preemptive gleam on Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq, which effectively destroyed its weapons.This military tactic had been designed years prior, in the case of an Arab attack thus showing the Israeli milit arily tactic superiority. As mentioned in the previous war, the Arab nations did not have a joint military plan thus losing several territories including Jerusalem. This was considered a humiliating loss to the Arab cause, and significantly wedged the Arab morale. Israel had easily defeated four of its largest threats, however it can be argued this was largely due the preemptive strike on the air forces of the Arab nations, rather the Arab disunity.This war displayed the Israeli tactical and military superiority, and further displayed the role of the States in the development of Israel. However, there was a small(a) element of Arab disunity due to tensions prior to the war still it did not play a significant role. The 1973 war was a limited war initiated by the modern leader of Egypt Anwar Sadat against Israel. Sadat had also attempted to reduce the influence of the Cold War, which had been an element during the 1967 conflict, by removing Russian officials from Egypt and repairin g relations with America.This war yet contradicts the statement, as Egypt and Syria had a joint military offensive strike on Israel on Yom Kippur, the Jewish holy day, and had managed to complete a successful ground offensive as well. However as the war progressed, the Israeli counterattack had begun to get more effective and managed to force the Egyptian and Syrian forces to remove from Sinai and Golan, which were Israeli territories. The two sides were at a stalemate and the Arab allies Egypt and Syria were united militarily and diplomatically which is opposed to the statement and contrary the situation in the 1943 war.The looming threat of an oil embargo by the Arab countries, which was a military strategy used efficiently before, resulted to the intervention of foreign entities. Henry Kissinger, an American diplomat, stepped in for Nixon to negotiate an truce which was eventually successful with the Arabs accepting the armistice. This was a shorter war, and with the foundati on being the Arabs being on the offensive. However it contradicts the statement, as this was the first war that the Arab countries had a joint military venture, and continued to do so during the war.Furthermore, this was a minor success for the Arab countries despite the stalemate and armistice as it strengthened Egypt and Syrias position in the centre of attention East however it did not yield a territorial gain. Hence, Arab disunity was not evident with the exception of the fact that only two Arab countries participated in the 1973 war. To conclude, Arab disunity played a significant role in the 1948 war which was arguably the most important. The Arabs had the definitive advantage in the 1948 war, however with the lack of a joint military front and strategy against Israel, it was defeated.The personal agendas, which contradicted each other, resulted to an Arab disunity and underestimation of the Jews, which allowed the State of Israel to be established despite all odds. However, in the conflicts following 1948, there was an element of Arab disunity, but it played a minor role and was not a key determinant of the wars or failure. Therefore, Arab failures can be considered to be a consequence of Arab disunity in the 1948 war, which reshaped the warmheartedness East and provided Israel and Jews the upper hand over the Arabs conflicts following 1948.

Open Innovation Essay Example for Free

Open Innovation EssayIn mail of the trend towards stretch mental home, inter-organisational engineering transfer by means of alliances and licensing has become a key portion of the plain-spoken inception processes. In this assignment we will discuss how on the loose(p) pattern tail end be the key of success and open up different opportunities, describe innovation in terms of what managerial consequences it spate prevail on a attach to and try to find out what can be the driving forces of innovation in a company.The company We provoke chosen W. L. jury Associates, Inc. as an shell of an modernistic company. get wind board does look into in use of its advanced technology in four chief(prenominal) beas electronics, industrial, medical and fabrics. The company is American, founded in 1958 and today it has about 7000 employees and facilities in more than 30 countries. (bloodshed 1, 2011) W.L. Gore Associates is a company with a long history of innovation. In t he beginning RD and product development was conducted inside the governmental boundaries and the firms critical technological familiarity was primarily developed and applied in-house, in other words they act traditional, closed innovation processes. (Lichtenthaler et al. 2010) In recent decades, W.L. Gore Associates also actively collaborate with external partners throughout the innovation process. They do this in two waysFirstly, Gore acquire technology from external sources to balance their internal RD through strategic alliances which is known as inward technology transfer and begs absorptive contentedness to acquire and utilize external knowledge (Lichtenthaler et al. 2010).One prototype is the strategic alliance with Sefar AG for the Architectural Fabrics Texchtestile 2009 in Frankfurt am Main (Gore 1, 2011). Secondly, they exploit their own technology in outbound open innovation processes through licensing agreements to generate additional income, which requires desorp tive capacity to transfer technological capabilities outwards (Lichtenthaler et al. 2010).One example is the licensing programs for products do with Gore-Tex fabric and fibers (Gore 1, 2011). Absorptive capacity depends on path dependency because, it requires the ability to recognize, assimilate, and apply external knowledge in the context of innovation and learning processes. On the other hand, desorptive capacity determines the potential volume of technology transfer based on two process stages identification and transfer of a firms technology portfolio (Lichtenthaler et al. 2010). However, outward technology transfer or licensing of a particular technology may not always be permitted by management, especially for the core technologies, because of the competitive threats and risk of losing competitive advantage.Innovation almost all of Gores thousands of products are based on just one material, a versatile polymer ePTFE, which the company engineers to work out a all-inclusive variety of functions (Carter, 2002). Gore has been granted more than 2,000 patents worldwide in a wide range of fields, including electronics, medical devices, and polymer processing (Gore 1, 2011). Gore uses a type of open innovation strategy, keeping moderate of its core technology and licenses the use and allows for innovation within a particular field to its licensees.Baudreau and Lakhani claim that Gore is utilize product platform innovation, where the control of the platform (ePTFE) is shared between external developers and Gore, as Gore provide the core technology, which the licensees innovate on and then sell the developed products to the final consumer. External innovators (other companies) and customers can transact freely as long as they affiliate with the platform owner. Gore maintains some control through the rules and regulations they impose on their licensees (Boudreau et al. 2009). The platform design theory closely resembles the type of open innovation that Chesbr ough names architect the company develop architecture to allow for platform design, where external innovators can hike up develop the technology (Chesbrough, 2003).Driving forces An interesting question is what drives Gore to be an innovative company. We have taken a look at what is driving the company to produce innovations and we have found a coalesce of technology-push and regard-pull.We have deduced that in the beginning of Gores history, they utilize technology-push. We base this argument on their center on developing a technology and putting it on the market. Wilbert L. Bill while working at DuPont saw potential in a certain polymer called polytetrafluoroethylene, or PTFE (Gore 1, 2011). In 1969, the discovery of a unusually versatile bleak polymer known as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (or ePTFE), led the enterprise from industrial products into new applications in medical, fabric, and electronics markets. They make medical products which are used in vascular, car dio-thoracic, plastic and orthopedic surgeries, their cables are used in computers and even travelled to the moon, their fibers are used in everything from chemical processing to industrial pumps, their fabrics protects from rain. They have such a big variety of product range that it can be found all over and in everything, including automobiles (Deutschman, 2004, Rothwell 1994).Today, customer preferences are an important part of the innovation process. For Gore the customer learns is a huge driving force for innovation. They use consumer inspired innovation to develop new products, in particular, stretch out users who help develop products that suit their needs. (Schaldecker B 2011)The next step is to use technology to make the melodic theme into a real product. This customer focus shows us that demand-pull is important as well. One hands-on example is the way Gore is using lead users in product development. Although it is productive to use lead-users who know what they want, they wear upont need to be loyal to only one company. This can result in companies using the same lead-users which increase the risk for exploiting confidential information. The race to r all(prenominal) the market first becomes even more crucial (Rothwell 1994).We believe the main driver for technology licensing by Gore is generating revenues. Other strategic drivers are selling products in addition to licensing technology. These additional product sales are achieved due to enhanced demand because of a second source of supply/../ or by licensing a technology to a asthenic rival in order to deter entry of a stronger competitor (Lichtenthaler, 2007).Technology licensing may be motivated by the realization of learning effects, which result in the compression of a firms learning curve (Lichtenthaler, 2007), meaning the licensee transfers knowledge to the licensor, allowing for faster learning. Moreover, the acquisition of external technology or mental keeping gives access to anothe r firms technology portfolio for example Gore acquired intellectual property of NMT Medical, Inc. on October 19, 2011, who has the best medical therapy for the prevention of recurrent stroke and transient attack (Flagstaff, 2011). Besides, Gore can enhance its reputation by licensing out technological knowledge and guarantee its technological leadership by licensing out technology. Finally, a company can license out technology to strengthen its inter-organizational networks. Thus, technology licensing in turn maintain, increase and expand a firms networks (Lichtenthaler, 2007).Managerial Consequences Firms can capture measure out from technology and with the trend towards open innovation firms actively transfer technology to other organizations. This licensing dilemma could have both blackball and positive consequences. Licensing could decrease profits in their product business which could substantially weaken competitive position, on the other hand active technology licensing co uld increase revenues which are a want in order to gain and sustain a competitive advantage. However, the negative consequences of licensing often seem to be overcompensated by positive effects (Lichtenthaler, 2007, p 67).To facilitate the positive effects of licensing, firms need to develop self-propelled capabilities of technology licensing by exploring continuous innovation to seize monetary and strategic opportunities while avoiding potential negative effects by process systematization in internal technology exploitation. The strategic licensing opportunities need a issuely different management, when the interdependence between internal and external technology exploitation increase they require a relatively integrated approach and assignment of dedicated employees to technology licensing (Lichtenthaler, 2007).As we stated forward Gore concentrate on core competence and they nurture it through the employees, or associates as Gore call them (Gore 2, 2011). To be able to create an innovative atmosphere the organization has an open and informal somatic culture with little hierarchy. There are no formal bosses and they have self-evaluating systems where compensation is decided by teams of colleges evaluating each other (ibid). A quote from an employee Your team is your boss, because you dont want to let them down. Everyones your boss, and no ones your boss (Deutschman, 2007). In order to give incentives to perform in the best interest of the company, employees also get shares in the company (symbolizing the rising value of the whole company) that they can cash in when they retire or leave (Deutschman, 2007).The mental synthesis of the organization is designed to create innovativeness and focuses on teamwork were employees with mixed roles are put in small teams to collaborate. The facilities never exceed a work force of 150-200 employees, to get a more personal environment where everyone knows each other (Deutschman, 2007). This can be seen as type of net working, which is a contributing factor to the success of innovative organizations (Rothwell, 1994). A part of the employees work clip (10%) is set off for free of choice dabble time thinking of new ideas on their own (Harrington, 2003). These are some signs of a flatter and flexible organization structure like those which Rothwell (1994) describes as important success factors for innovative organizations. To sum up we see that the innovative core have a large impact on managerial consequences as how to deal with the employees.The open innovation gives Gore more options, looking outside the company means that the company doesnt need to have a lot of resources and capabilities in-house to make gold from commercializing a product (Chesbrough, 2003). We have deduced it allows for exploration without complete exploitation, letting Gore build up capabilities in researching and core competences, while still making money out of side-track inventions. Instead of having to be completely am bidextrous, Gore can be specialized in research in some technologies and ambidextrous in others (Gupta, 2006).Conclusions On the example of W. L. Gore Associates, Inc we analyzed the open innovation strategy which is perused nowadays by a lot of the most winning and innovative companies with the aim of successful inter-organizational technology transfer. Alliances and licensing happen to be the most common form of technology transfer in the open innovation process. Gore implements a strategy of exploration in its innovation activities as well as exploitation. Although, exploiting your own innovation is important, the Gore example shows us how concentrating on innovation exploration together with open innovation strategy through licensing and alliances can help to win markets which you will never reach by your own.

Constructivism Essay Example for Free

Constructivism EssayConstructivism and/or tender constructionism can be reflected especi ally to Alexander Wendt. In his article, Anarchy is What States Make of It the Social Construction of Power Politics in 1992, placed the fundamental theoretical ground practise for demanding what he believed to be a flaw between neo-realists and neo-liberal institutionalists i. e. commitment to a form of materialism. Alexander Wendt opened the way for international relations scholars to pursue work in a wide range of issues from a constructivist perspective by attempting to show that even a core realist concept (e. . power politics) is socially constructedthat is, not apt(p) by nature. Hence, is capable of being change by piece practice.Constructivism principally describes how many core aspects of international relations be. Socially constructed describes constructivism wherein they are given their form by means of ongoing procedures of social practice and communication. Wendt identif ies two acknowledged fundamental principles of Constructivism (1) that the structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and (2) that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature . In the formative work of Wendt, constructivism defies the laying claim of Neorealist being Structuralists by means of showing that the contri onlyory powers attri excepted to Structure are not given, but will depend in which Structure is constructed through social practice.Regardless of the nature, culture and traditions, religion, society, constructivism does not anticipate whether two countries will be allies or enemies, whether they will recognize each differents power, will hurl dynastic ties, and will be revisionist or status quo powers. In a constructivists perspective, international laws created were ground on the diversity of the races, culture, religion, society, trad itions and political power of each of the member countries.In example, the United Nations addresses projects of food security, poverty, and other projects that are for humanitarian purposes. Ideas generated from this kind of institution tend to help countries that were included in the third solid ground countries or what we commonly called the developing countries. With regards to the international relations, international laws were general or universal in call of what the participating countries see as good, basic to most of the countries, humane, and will not tolerate violence to the whole.Constructivists disallows anarchy, of the actions of the countries and deflects materialism. International laws and institutions craft the needed room for their interests, i. e. to take a central place in theorizing international relations. Today, countries are not simply directed by the imperatives of a self-help system but their interests become of the essence(p) in analyzing how they will be of help to other countries that needed them and to maintain peace at all times.As of the nature of the international system, Constructivists see our interests being not objectively grounded in material forces but the result of ideas and the social construction of such ideas. To summarize, the constructivism philosophy with regards to internal relations, the role of international laws and institutions, reflects to a social order, leadership to any system, thus, leading to foundation of international laws and institutions that are general in nature, thus, leading to improve international relations of each of the countries and/or actors.

Anita Desai Essay Example for Free

Anita Desai EssayThe main char lay fall outers who struck me the close atomic number 18 genus genus genus Uma and her companion Arun to them are dedicated the dickens percentages of the novel. Person entirelyy I come vertebral column they boast a plenty of things in common and Im non only considering the fact that they belong to the same close-knit family they are roundhow subjected to a naive realism from which they both extremity to escape. Uma is the plainest character of the novel, I think she always obeys her parents and makes everything they want her to do. This is not completely a negative point besides, reading the early pages of the playscript, I admit that I would wish well to react for her to the commandments of her MamaPapa, as they are frequentlytimes mentionedGo to the cook raise the packet for your chum salmonWrite a letter but how can she manage to do all these things to realizeher?In my opinion Uma is to a fault nave, she seems to be someh ow tied by a sense of duty to her parents, especially after the failure of her two staged marriages, and what roughly the component part she has squandered? as her have reminds her.The only pause of her liveness is make upn by the visits of Mira-masi, a grumpy char who deeply fascinates Uma for the stories she tells her she repre directs a ray of hope into the support history of the girl, although her parents dont applaud the complicity created between them.Arun, whose birth was really longed for, is sent to the USA where he attends the college being the only son of the family he has the honour of receiving a effective education and he has also the possibility to live far from the oppressing reality of his homeland.But his life remains very unhappy also the family to which he lives while in the States is a sort of weight for him. The here and now part of the novel seems to me a long digression about food, I think that the food itself is the only reason for a link betwe en Arun and the new family, Mrs Patton in particular. I think both br another(prenominal) and sister are oppressed voices who want to live in peace and to escape from the world they live in, although they arent able to rebel against it. For this very reason I would like them to write to each other, what does not happen in the novel. Dear Arun,Maybe for the first time in my life I admit that Im very sad but what troubles me the most is the fact that Im not able to find a way outOur first cousin Anamika is dead. Everybody here is trying to give an explanation butwhat for, she wont ever come back and there are no acceptable explanations for her death I absolutely cant calculate that the urn in front of me contains her ashesshe is dead but Im dead too. Her awe for the family led her towards death, but what about me?I will stay forever with MamaPapa, I cant abandon them, they aremy life When mama grips my hand I know, I smelling that there is something strong between us and I cant, I cant leaveMamaPapa is calling meI have to go.I dont know if I will ever send this letter to you perhaps I will burn it. UmaDear Uma,A new semester at the college is beginning and my stay with the Pattons is over. Im happy because I can leave this strange family it wasnt my place, I didnt feel comfortable with them, I snarl oppressed and obliged to be part of it, maybe only because I felt sorry for Mrs Patton and I didnt want to disappoint her.This is the reason why I gave her the presents you sent me (but please dont reveal anything to MamaPapa) I didnt want her to be worried about me when I silently walked out of her life. ArunAlice Bravin 5 HLiceo Scientifico M. Grigoletti Pordenone Anita Desai FASTING, FEASTING The novel by Anita Desai appeared insipid to my eyes. If I were asked to collect all the emotions that the book has stirred in my heart, I would find myself in anguishing troubles, for Im quite numb to it as well I am frustrated by each devise of art dominate by a sen se of massiveness. The characters are imbued with, or even better, they are emblems of this heaviness which reveals itself mainly in the temperament of Uma, who is the best-built character of the novel. Anita Desai pull aheaded in the enterprise of creating a character without reputation, a woman deprived of her soul.She is the designated victim who is doomed to endure the burden of life, symbolized first of all by her parents. Uma doesnt strike my sensibility I dont feel pity for her, nor would I establish a sort of sympathetic relationship with her her ineptitude doesnt arouse my anger, nor would I shake her out of the military position of torpor she experiences. I am quite interested in one of the psychological aspects of Uma, that of repression. Uma is not free to be what she wants to be, to do what she wants to do, so she is utterly repressed in her passions, in her feelings, in her personality this last dimension is completely neglected to her.These inner forces run inside her veins and arteries, like water permeative by means of the cracks of a rock and when temperatures gets colder, it becomes ice and causes the explosion of the rock. The same happens inside Uma and the implosion is disguised as a sort of disease. Convulsions, nausea which leads to vomit, suffered cries, these moments are the most involving and at the same time disturbing moments and situations of the novel. I would have appreciated if Anita Desai had developed this edge of the prism of Uma. Sigmund Freud stated that mental patients are like diamonds, whose building is based on its corners. In these lines the diamond would break in case it fell on the ground. Uma is like that. Her body seems possessed by a demoniac spirit, her limbs, her bowels are rocked by the unique act of rebellion which is allowed to her.I wonder why the writer has snobbed this issue, which probably assumes a religious and philosophical cheer and is strictly connected to Indian culture. The heaviness that haunts the book is expressed even by the settings. Concerning this point I would like to recall the image of Uma and her aunt who leave together on a religious trip. The bus they catch is incredibly crowded this episode evokes the image of mingled noises and smells within the dusty and sandy credit line of India. The writer enables us to appreciate each aspect of the setting thanks to her detailed language so that the reader manages to broaden his sensorial perceptions and is caught by the use of synaesthesia.( The description of the mootrs bathing in the Gange becomes meaningful in this sense ). Before starting reading the book I thought it would be quite cherished for me in order to learn more than about the Indian world, even appreciating it by means of the fit Anita Desai draws with Northern America. But I was wrong Fasting, feasting doesnt seem so representative of India the photo I get is that of a character Uma who might be possibly Irish or even Italian. Western ers share the same common imagery about India and this common imagery is banal and dominated by prejudices.The book is ambiguous, in the sense that neither supports this statement, nor deny it. The same ambiguity lies in the second part of the novel that dedicated to Arun which takes place in the United Stated of America. Anita Desai gives us tenets and traits of the American fraternity coming in the story of an American family. Here there arent crowded busses or temples, but televisions, junk food, couches, barbecues, baseball matches and deal who enjoy all these objects and events. The same dusty air is breathed by Arun when he goes back home walking on the boundaries of the street.The same atmosphere of heaviness which degenerates into disease. For these very reasons I state that Uma and her story are not so Indian. Moreover, I have some perplexities about the last chapter really shorter than the first one which doesnt find a proper literary justification. It is a sort of a ppendix, even if only almost at the end of the book theres the precise reference to the tile Fasting, feasting and is embodied by the bulimic girl. Alessandra Crimi 5 HLiceo Scientifico M. Grigoletti Pordenone Anita Desai Fasting, feast Fasting, Feasting is one of the most interesting books I have ever read. Thanks to the brilliant descriptions and the picturesque narration the reader has the opportunity to create an imaginary but precise setting were characters develop during the story. I think that this novel is like a mirror because it gives the opportunity to gleam, in both meanings of the word.We can reflect ourselves in the protagonists (mirror-like effect) and we can reflect, think, about the different values and importance that people from different societies give to ideals they believe in. In my opinion the rhythm of the narration is sometimes too disinclined, but I can apprehend that it is due to the fact that, once again, it mirrors the context where the story takes place. In India, in fact, there is no excited life, no stress, no anxiety of living and for this very reason people can pay help to lesser events that we probably ignore.When the father asks for his drink, it seems to me that everyone in the family has to stop and be there for this event when a customer arrives unexpectedly, all the attention is directed to him even the choice of one kind of food rather than another(prenominal) seems to be one of the most important problems of the day. . The character of Mumdad is what emotionally touched me most, maybe because to a authoritative extent I can detect in them some traits my parents have. The image of Mumdad on the swing describes their insoluble bond.Mumdad are a unique person/entity made up of two different souls. These two souls are always at unison, they never take opposite decisions, they argue but they always find a compromise, they are, in a word, complementary.I always admired this ability to build little by little a life together even if, for a child, sometimes its not so short to accept their decision, or rather, their impositions. Uma is my favourite character. In some parts of the novel I felt really twisty in her problems, in her thoughts and desires. She loves school even if she isnt able to get good marks she loves learning, she wants to try again, to spend another year at school, shes sure she will improve. She suffers when Mumdad set she should give up her studies.She suffers when she understands she is not as beautiful, intelligent as her sister Aruna, and so she is considered a lesser woman.Uma suffers silently, she accepts her condition of inferiority, yet she is always looking for a moment of glory that, unfortunately, never comes. She is like the most down in the mouth flower that grows up silently, that is trampled from the gardener that gave her birth, because a rose is blooming next to the humble flower and he must be there to praise the perfection and beauty of the rose.Im not s aying that I reflect myself in Uma , absolutely not, on the contrary, Im saying that all my life I have been an Aruna, and I didntknow about it. Im an only child, there is no Uma in my family, but thanks to the juxtaposition of the two characters I have understood that I have always been loved and pampered and nursed and highly considered and I dont really know if I deserve all this.This book has really been a great opportunity for me, it has made me reflect on my values and on the meaning of my little life too often we dont realise what is around us. But now I want stop talking about me. I would love to write a few lines about arranged marriages. In our Western society, marriage is generally viewed as a value strongly linked with the opinion of freedom, the freedom to choose the person with whom we would like to spend all our life.We have this great opportunity and we often waste it. We are free to love a person for his peculiarities and not for his money and often people choose t he partner for his richness, we get married and then we divorce and kids are treated as merchandise, we often get married for reasons that sometimes are far away from love and we claim to judge a society where parents choose a spouse for their children. I think that Western people are more contradictory than what they want to admit and perhaps less happy. Perhaps it is this very feeling that leads plenty of us to judge other cultures.DA PIEVE LUCIA 5 HLiceo scientifico M. Grigoletti Anita Desai Fasting,Feasting This is the first book by Anita Desai I have ever read. Her observations are astute whether they are on living conditions in India or USA. Anita Desai uses her words dead to convey exactly what she feels,but even if it could seem a contradiction,I think that the problem with the book is its dry, clinical advent in chronicling the lives of the characters, the book lacks passion. I was always on the outside, looking into the lives of people. The book offers few chances of get ting involved with the characters ,in fact while reading the book I didnt feel the compulsion of finishing it quickly. The part I desire better is the first half of the book that deals with life in a small, slow town in India, with rigid parents and well-drafted routines.The Indian half is more detailed than the other half which deals with the rule-less life in suburban USA. In the first half there is a partly successful, proud father, who goes through life, with set patterns and no passion. A bewilder who goes along with her husband, doing what is supposedly right and expected of her, curbing and violent death all her innate desires. Three children. The eldest, Uma, clumsy . The middle daughter Aruna, pretty, ambitious and smart, but eventually also a victim of her choices.The last, a son, Arun, on whom the parents put all their dreams and energies. All of them, along with members of their extended family, go through some form of deprivation (of will, of fun, of passion and of l ove). I think that a merit of this book is the way it highlights the Indian traditions, cultures and mostly the place of a woman in an Indian family. I liked the character of Uma in the book because she is both willing to take a chance with life and at the same time dedicated to her family.She takes whatever happens to her life with such grace that she does not give me a chance to cry for her. I like her inner strength.The story in itself is told from the perspective of the protagonist, Uma, who starts out as a wideeyed child at a convent who shows an enthusiasm for education but with the birth of her brother Arun, Uma takes on the role of nanny. Here, one encounters the distinct preference parents have for the male child.Desai next explores the courtly belief that ties a womans worth to her physical appearance. A woman who lacks beauty is often rushed into the first marital offer she receives, only to pay a heavy price later on. Desai shows the challenges a bingle woman faces reg ardless of how successful she is. By contrast, Umas cousin is portrayed as the ultimate success because she is able to marry well thanks to her looks. She makes the reader wonder how happy she truly is, when she eventually takes her own life.Uma is the main character in the first half of the novel. She is a clumsy, uncoordinated woman who finds it difficult to succeed in almost everything she does she fails in school, cant cook, spills food and drink and cant find anyone worthwhile to get married to. Her father feels that Uma is incapable of fending for herself, as she is too clumsy, uncoordinated andproves a failure in almost everything she does.Uma fails in school, in the kitchen and she even fails to find anyone worthwhile to get married to.The father asks Uma to interrupt her studies in the Christian convent when he find out she not doing very well at school. He feels that it was a waste of time and money to provide Uma an education he has other plans for her.She will look afte r her baby brother Arun and take care of the household while her mother rests after giving birth. Umas life is constantly planned by her father.Uma cannot resist her fathers oppressive patriarchal ideology, as she is afraid of the consequences that would befall her if she angered the colonial characteristics of her father. Umas entertainment comes in the form of her cousin, Ramu. When Ramu is around, Uma feels at ease. But the father feels that Ramu is a bad settle on Uma. He does not want Uma to be influenced by other men who are capable of brainwashing her to resist the demands of his patriarchal nature.

Flexibility And Stretching | Essay

flexibleness And spreading EssayMans interest in flexibleness is by no manner a modern development. The importance of tractability and its practice is evident from Roman generation in the training of Gladiators, and in to a greater extent recent times World War I injuries spurred the theme of orthopedics. Specifi assurey, as injured soldiers legislateed from war m all were compromised in basic daily function because of hurt of tractability that occurred from war injuries. It was observed how this throttleed ones activities and the practice of restoring function began. The interest in flexibleness was heightened again in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s when standardized fitness tests were developed and children were per going poorly on tractableness and authority measures. Fast packaging to today restoration of mental image of move is a first goal of therapists when rehabilitating musculoskeletal injuries and it is oftentimes the close limiting accompanimentor in recoery from a musculoskeletal injury. Beyond that, we now claim scientific discipline to demonst tell the loss of tractableness and heftiness function with age which leads to loss of independence and indeed the primary goal of many do work programs is to maintain muscular strength and tractableness.(Kraus, H., Hirschland, R. P. 1954).But take in you ever wondered wherefore some spate are to a greater extent waxy than others? Is it because they adulterate more, or is it a genetic trace? You probably know someone who is quite flexible but who rarely stretches. Are females more flexible than males? How do you become more flexible? These are all chief(prenominal) questions regarding muscularity flexibleness. We croup accurately answer some of these questions but other answers are less clear. This chapter result provide some insights into the numerous factors that influence flexibleness.Flexibility is basically described as the total set up of consummation ( read- merely storage) around a voice (or multitude of sound outs such(prenominal) as the spine). because the terms flexibility and ROM are often used interchangeably. One problem in the literary productions is the inconsistent use of terms such as flexibility, reach, move of drive, and so on. legion(predicate) other terms are too tintd to overall flexibility and these terms along with definitions are presented be small-scale in Table 8.1. In more scientific term, flexibility is defined as the intrinsic property of body weaves. However, while both intrinsic and extrinsic factors relate to flexibility, the intrinsic component is clearly more important. ROM is highly variable from interchangeable to joint and from someone to person. Flexibility as a term is used by many practitioners, including strength and conditioning coaches, gymnastic trainers, physical therapists, doctors, and chiropractors, etc. For this reason there are often disaccordences in what each practitioner means wh en they refer to flexibility. Thus, we must dole out the setting in which the term flexibility is being used, such as a clinic, running track, or training room.Flexibility is advocated as promoting double healthy outcomes. In general, flexibility declines with age and injury.The benefits of stretching includeDecreased risk of low back ailReduced energy soreness post praxisReduced risk of musculoskeletal injuryIncreased functional range of motionIncreased comfort in activities of daily livingImproved muscular efficiency fast-paced recovery from injuryImproved postural alignmentImproved mobilityImproved self perception with park focal pointAdapted from Mc Hugh Gleim (1998)Alkylosis Pathologically low flexibility (may be whole body or joint particular(prenominal)).Compliance How easy the muscularity leng wherefores or stretches.Deformation The ability of the tendon to change shape (stretch) and then return to normal.Elasticity The ability of a material to resist aberrat ion from force and then return to normal state.Flexibility The intrinsic property of body tissues that determine ROM without injury.Hypermobility Excessive joint (or group of joints) ROM.Stiffness A measure of a materials resilientity, often defined as the ration of force to elongation. elastic Complex mechanical behavior of a material because the resistive force in the material is restricted on elongation (elastic) and the rate (viscous) at which the force is applied.Yield Point the point beyond which deformation becomes permanent (or sinew is torn).Stretch Tip number 1(see illustrations).Your father is interested in improving his range of motion in his shoulders. Can you suggest 3 basic exercises?a. Large arm circles. Stand up tall and swing both arms in large circles forward and backwards for 10 rotations each.b. liberal arm wall press Stand against a wall with your arm straight back and against the wall. withstand your arm against the wall and gently turn your body awa y from the wall slightly and hold fro 20 seconds. Repeat on each side.c. Lie on your back, put your arms out straight, hands overlapping, and office on the floor behind your head. look at for 20 seconds(1)Anatomy and Physiology of Stretching FlexibilityThe anatomy and physiology of stretching involves multiple components the design of the musculoskeletal system, musculus com fix and connecter tissue. Additionally, we must consider other co- huging and synergistic go through groups, the types of tendon actions and the forces produced. Lets look at the role of these components in stretching.Design of the Musculoskeletal System The musclemans and bones of course comprise the musculoskeletal system. The muscles are often viewed as cords attached to levers to facilitate movement and posture. The muscles puff on the bones generating tightness and consequently movement. Bones are connected to bones via ligaments which are non very flexible. The muscles are attached to the bone via tendons which are more flexible than ligaments, as is the muscle itself. Muscles diverge in shape and size depending upon their role. ecumenically longer muscles are more flexible with a greater range of motion.Muscle Compo getion While the body contains several types of muscle, such as skeletal, heart, and digestive, their basic bodily structure is the same. That is, the muscle composition is similar in that they all contain fascicles, fiber, myofibrils, sarcomeres, and contractile proteins. In skeletal muscle, a fibrous connective tissue called the epimysium covers the bodys more than 430 skeletal muscles. Inside the epimysium the muscle fibers are bound in bundles called fascicles which often contain 100-150 fibers. Within fascicles, muscle fibers are separated by the endomysium. Outside of the fascicles lies the perimysium which separates the fascicles wrapped in the epimysium. The muscle fiber itself is made up of proteins called actin and myosin (contractile proteins) and these proteins are arranged longitudinally within the smallest component of the muscle fiber, the sarcomere. It is the sarcomere that actually shortens and lengthens when we discharge a contraction.Fascicles Bundles of muscle fibers.Fiber Cylindrical cells that sometimes run the length of the muscle. sarcostyle The inside of a muscle fiber that contain the contractile proteins, actin and myosin.Sarcomere The smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle. connection Tissue A main factor affecting ROM is connective tissue. Connective tissue can be found all around muscles. Connective tissue contains two types of fiber called collagenous connective tissue and elastic connective tissue. Collagenous tissue comprises mainly collagen, which are extracellular, related proteins that provide tensile strength. Elastic tissue comprises mostly elastin, a yellow scleroprotein that provides elasticity. In general, the greater the amount of elastic connective tissue surrounding a joint the gre ater the elasticity or ROM will be around that joint.Muscle Groups The way in which a muscle group interacts with the other co-contracting muscles in its group can as well influence ROM. For example, with knee flexion we have hamstring contractions, gastrocnemius lengthiness (or shortening), gluteal shortening, and so on. At the same time the quad relax so as non to impede the flexibility. This is referred to as reciprocal inhibition (more nearly this later). It is also referred to as the agonist/antagonist relationship. Thus the degree of resistance or compliance of an opposing or synergistic muscle can growth or decrease ones ROM.Insert Illustration showing agonist-antagonist relationshipResearch BoxEffects of Stretching on Passive Muscle Tension and Response to Eccentric Exercise. La Roche DA and Connolly DA. 2006 (vol 34, 6, 1000-1007). American diary of Sports Medicine.The purpose of this understand was to assess if 4 weeks of stretching could reduce the risk of muscle injury adjacent eccentric exercise. 29 subjects were assigned to a static stretching, ballistic stretching, or control group. Baseline measurements for active range of motion, sternness, peak torque, and soreness were recorded. Subjects then performed a stretching program for s total of 3600 seconds over 4 weeks in their assigned group. Baseline tested was then repeated with an eccentric task knowing to cause muscle damage added after day 1. Both stretching groups step-upd their range of motion and stretch tolerance pursual the 4 weeks of stretching. After eccentric exercise both stretching groups had greater range of motion and less pain than the control group. The authors concluded that 4 weeks of stretching maintains range of motion pastime eccentric exercise.The Action of StretchingWhen you stretch your muscle the origin of the stretch is in the sarcomere. As the sarcomere contracts, the knowledge domain of overlap amongst thick and thin filaments adds and this facilit ates emergenced forced production. Consequently, as the muscle stretches this area of overlap decreases allowing muscle elongation. This is often referred to as Sarcomeres in series. When the muscle reaches its maximum resting length the stretch tension transfers to the connective tissue. Because connective tissue is less pliable than muscle tissue, the relative stretch is considerably rock-bottom. When we stretch, non all fibers are stretched and the length of the muscle actually depends upon the number of stretched fibers. As we increase the length of the muscle more fibers are stretched. The ultimate length of the stretch is also influenced by other feedback from proprioceptors, the stretch reflexive and protraction reaction. Lets look at what these are(3)ProprioceptorsAnytime we move our limbs around we receive feedback information about the position and length of our muscles and limbs. This information about the musculoskeletal system is relayed back to the central nervous system via proprioceptors. Proprioception is a spatial awareness of ones body movement and position. Proprioceptors are sometimes referred to as mechanoreceptors and they specifically detect changes in position, force and tension of muscles. When we stretch a muscle the proprioceptors provide feedback about the length of the muscle, especially pain and discomfort when the muscle is stretched too further. The primary proprioceptors involved in stretching are called muscle spindles or stretch receptors. Also involved are golgi tendon organs which are found in the tendon at the end of muscle. They provide information specifically on positional changes and pressure or tension. Golgi tendon organs provide information about the change in muscle tension and also the rate of change in tension (sometimes called rate of force development). Thus, together they provide feedback about when our muscles are lengthening or are experiencing too much force.(3)Stretch ReflexNaturally, when the muscl e lengthens so too do the muscle spindles. The information provided by the spindles triggers what is called the stretch reflex or myotatic reflex. This causes the muscle to try and shorten (it basically resists lengthening). This stretch reflex contains both a static and a participating component that relate to the initial increase in length and the duration of the stretch. These are called the lengthening reaction and the reciprocal inhibition.(3)The extension ReactionWhen we stretch and induce the stretch reflexes ca use the muscle to contract, tension is produced at the musculotendonous junction (this is where the GTO is located). As the tension increases it reaches a threshold which causes a lengthening reaction which prevents the muscle from contracting and actually causes them to relax. (This is often referred to as the reverse myotatic reflex or autogenic inhibition.) This action is part of the reason that exercise prescription for stretching advocates prop a stretch for at least 15-20 seconds.(3)Reciprocal InhibitionA final consideration in this plane section is the action called reciprocal inhibition. In reciprocal inhibition the antagonists are essentially neutralized and prevented from contracting thereby not impeding the stretch of the agonist. Practicing how to voluntarily relax your antagonist can increase your stretch chemical reaction in the agonists.(1)Types of StretchingStretching can take many forms, last for various durations, and have both negative and positive effects on athletic performance. Stretching can be performed statically or dynamically. If a stretch is performed dynamically, it directly affects dynamic flexibility. If it is through statically, it will directly affect static flexibility. there is also some crossover effect amid the types of stretching. There are numerous ways to stretch. The interest is a list of stretching techniques.Static Type StretchingStatic stretching basically involves a form of stretching whereby the muscle is lengthened and then held in that lengthened position for a pre-determined period of time. The following are types of dynamic stretching.Static Holding Stretching involves stretching ones own muscle as far as comfortable and then holding the stretch for 10-30 seconds.Passive Stretching involves someone else stretching your muscle and applying the 10-30 second hold. This rule normally results in a further stretch than individual static stretching. sometimes this technique is used without someone else when you use another body part to stretch a fact muscle group. A simple example is stretching your quadriceps by holding onto your foot and puff up towards your back. Sometimes you will see passive stretching called relaxed stretching or static-passive stretching.Proprioceptive neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching (PNF) is a popular and effective method of rapidly increasing ROM. PNF combines both static and dynamic components by having isometric agonist contraction, re laxation and contraction again. It normally requires a partner and is sometimes call partner assisted stretching. In basic PNF the individual stretches an agonist muscle as far as possible (a partner can help stretch further.) This initial stretch is held for about 10 seconds and then an antagonist contraction follows for 5-10 seconds. Following this the original agonist is then stretched again and the cycle repeated. This cycle should be repeated about 3-5 times on each muscle, with the muscle being stretched a little further each time.Isometric stretching is somewhat of a combination of PNF and static stretching. This method requires the muscle to contract at the end of the range of motion and so the muscle being stretched is also the agonist. A vernacular example is a calf stretch where one pushes against the wall creating both force and stretch in the calf at the same time. An additional advantage of isometric stretching is that it can also increase strength.Dynamic Type Stretc hingDynamic stretching basically involves a form of stretching whereby the muscle is lengthened and shortened at various speeds without the muscle being held in the lengthened position for any period of time. The following are types of dynamic stretching.Ballistic stretching uses a limbs momentum to push it beyond its normal ROM. Sometimes added weight can be held to increase the stretch. This stretching involves limbs swinging through their ROM back and forth for about 10 repetitions. This stretching has traditionally been viewed as unsafe. However, it is effective if progress is done slowly and a few(prenominal) injuries have actually been reported. One concern with this stretch is that the muscles do not have enough time in the lengthened position to adapt to the stretch and may in fact invoke the stretch reflex causing greater tightness.Dynamic stretching is a progressive stretching technique involving slow increases in ROM and speed. In contrast to ballistic stretching, dynami c stretching is more controlled and progressive. Dynamic stretching does not contain bouncing or ballistic movement. Dynamic stretches are normally used in team sport settings or where speed movements are important.Active stretching is not commonly practiced as it is difficult and uncomfortable to a degree. In this technique a muscle is held only by the antagonist muscle in a certain position at the limit of motion for about 10 seconds. For example, lifting your leg straight up and holding it. Yoga uses many of these types of stretching.Application capitulum Can you alter your flexibility if you are fifty or sixty years old? perform Even elderly men and women over seventy years old can increase their flexibility (Brown et al. 2000 Lazowski et al. 1999). With strength training the elderly, even in their 90s, can increase their strength and muscle mass although not as fast and as much as young people, but they can (Fiatarone et al. 1990 Lexell et al. 1995), and the responsiveness to strength training determines the effectiveness of isometric stretches (the most intense stretches) as long as the structure of the persons joints is not an obstacle.Exercise Prescription for StretchingThe main reason advocated for the development of flexibility and its assessment is the reduction of injury. Interestingly, the literature does not support increased levels of static or dynamic flexibility reducing injury. It actually appears that people at both extremes of static flexibility may be at higher risk for musculoskeletal injuries and we dont have mush information on the relationship between dynamic flexibility and injury. In general, it is concord that flexibility is healthy and although most experts agree on the benefits of flexibility and stretching, precise guidelines for stretching do not clearly exist. There is wide variation in the type of stretching, duration of stretches and intensity. Many individuals stretch for only a few seconds whereas others may stretch for 50 minutes as in a yoga class. General guidelines by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommend three days of stretching per week, holding stretches for 10-30 seconds and 3-5 stretches for each major(ip) muscle group. ACSM recommends static stretching for the majority of the population.When is it best to stretch?In general, muscle is more open(a) to stretch when it is warmer. Therefore, it makes more sense to stretch your muscles following exercise. We must be careful and distinguish between stretching to improve ROM and warming up for performance. Human muscle stretches violate at about 38.5 c. which is higher than normal body temperature. For this reason, post exercise is perhaps the best time to stretch.Factors Influencing FlexibilityMany factors contribute to joint flexibility. Sometimes the factors influencing flexibility can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors apply to those musculoskeletal factors within the body such as ligament s and tendons, whereas extrinsic factors broadly apply to factors such as age, gender, body build and so on. Generally, extrinsic factors are those that we cannot change.Intrinsic Factors for FlexibilityWhile factors such as age and gender clearly play a role, the structure of the joint itself plays a major role in its own flexibility. Joints comprise various types of tissue and bone and these components differ in how they contribute to joint flexibility. Table 2 provides information on the relative contributions of soft tissue to joint ROM. Intrinsic factors specifically relate to the mechanical properties of the musculoskeletal variable. This varies between individuals and is affected by injury, race, muscle types and amount and others. In general, when we practice stretching we are seeking to make change to these intrinsic factors. external Factors for FlexibilityWe can assume the intrinsic factors to be fairly consistent within individuals leaving a lot of room for the many ext rinsic factors to influence joint flexibility. However, extrinsic factors usually explain variability between joints within individuals and overall flexibility between individuals and not all of them are changeable.Gender In general, females are more flexible than males across the lifespan. Several factors contribute to this increased flexibility such as lower muscle mass, different hormone concentration and anatomical variations in joint structure.Age flexibility tends to decrease with age usually beginning in the teenage years. With increasing age there is a decrease in elasticity of connective tissue surrounding both joints and muscles. For the most part this is attributed to decreased activity levels.Temperature Muscle and connective tissue are like most other materials, i.e. they are more pliable/flexible at warmer temperatures. Increasing body temperature through an appropriate warm-up increases the flexibility of the muscle and joint. Consequently, a decrease in body or musc le temperature decreases flexibility and may increase the risk of injury.Habitual/Exercise Activity Individuals normally preserve the required flexibility to perform tasks they perform on a daily or regular basis. Some scientists refer to this as form follows function. Therefore, individuals who exercise regularly and exercise their limbs through a full ROM tend to preserve flexibility better with age. A sedentary lifestyle is associated with decreased flexibility.Injury Injury is a common cause of loss of flexibility especially in the upper extremities. Joint injuries typically result in the deposition of collagen or scar tissue. Scar tissue in particular restricts the mobility of the joint. Joint injuries also result in punk that also restricts mobility. Following injury rehabilitation to specifically restore and increase ROM is extremely important to allow the joint to return to normal function.Joint Structure/Type of Joint Flexibility is specific to each joint and to the way in which the joint is designed. Ball and socket joints (triaxial) are much more wide awake than glinglymus joints (uni-axial). Joints fall into one of four categories based on ROM, no movement (non-axial), uni-axial, bi-axial or triaxial. The structure of the joint is therefore a major determinant in a joint ROM.Muscle Mass/ organic structure Build The role of muscle mass in flexibility while important is often over-emphasized. In general, well magnified muscles of the upper body, e.g. chest and arms, can restrict movement. However, if muscles are developed through the faultless ROM of the muscle, flexibility is often preserved. Male gymnasts are a good example of well hypertrophied muscle and high flexibility. Therefore, while muscle mass can play a role in diminishing flexibility, the negative effects can be minimized by ensuring full ROM during muscle contraction.Pregnancy Women generally increase their flexibility during motherliness. The basic reason for this is to prepare fo r childbirth but also to allow greater ROM in the hip region. Specifically, the pelvic and hip joints increase in flexibility due to increased production levels of the hormone relaxin. This can also help alleviate discomfort with pregnancy associated Lordosis. Relaxin levels decrease following pregnancy.Stretch tip number 2 (see illustrations)Your friend complains of tight calf muscles following running, what can you recommend?Stand with feet together, legs straight, on a step and let the heels hang over the edge. Hold this position for 20 seconds. Repeat several times.Stand with feet together about 3 feet away from a wall. Place your hands on the wall and slowly bring your chest into the wall. Keep both heels on the floor. Hold this position for 20 seconds.Stand with feet together about 3 feet away from the wall. With hands on the wall, bring one leg forward and push with the back leg keeping the heel on the ground. Repeat on each leg.Flexibility and Athletic PerformanceIt is a wid ely held conception that flexibility improves athletic performance. However, the scientific literature does not consistently support this belief. There is great variation in the amount of flexibility required for successful performance between activities and even within activities, such as team sports, there is wide individual variation. Furthermore, decreased flexibility has been shown to improve running economy and thus decreased flexibility can in some cases improve performance. Some studies have shown that less stiff muscles are more effective in using the stored elastic energy that is developed during a stretch. However, we must be careful about when these stretches are initiated as recent evidence suggests that static stretching introductory to activities requiring maximal contraction tends to cause a decrease in performance. Overall, the ability of increased flexibility to improve athletic performance is most likely restricted to those activities that actually require extrem e ranges of flexibility such as gymnastics, figure skating etc. and a universal approach of requiring infinite flexibility in all athletes is not warranted.Research BoxDynamic versus Static Stretching Warm-up The Effect on Power and Agility Performance. Mc Millian et al. 2006 (vol20, 3, 492-499). Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.30 subjects participated in a study to determine the effects of a dynamic warm-up (DWU), a static stretch warm-up (SWU), or no warm-up (NWU) on a T-shuttle agility test, an underhand medicine ball throw, and a 5-step jump. interrogation took place over three consecutive days and the order of all tests and warm-ups was randomized. Each warm-up lasted for 10 minutes. The DWU comprised a series of exercise such as bend and reach, push-ups, squats, and skipping. The SWU comprised of exercises such as the overhead pull, quadriceps stretch, trunk flexion and extension. All stretches were performed once and held for 20-30 seconds. The NWU group did no exercises. Results showed significantly greater performances for all tests following a DWU. The performances did not differ between the SWU and NWU. The authors conclude that the use of SWU should be reassessed when preceding athletic performance. beat of FlexibilitySeveral basic flexibility tests exist such as sit and reach for hamstrings and low back and shoulder rotation test for shoulders. Since flexibility varies between joints, comprehensive flexibility assessment would have to assess many joints. This is not really possible and so one typically selects a few major joints and muscles such as low back and hamstrings, calf and Achilles, and shoulders. Simple tests for these assessments as well as more detailed laboratory practices are described at the end of the chapter. Any measurement of flexibility should be based on sound and accepted testing procedures. For the most part static flexibility tests are the most widely used and these are based on linear and angular measurement s of the motion of the joint. All flexibility assessments should follow a standardized procedure whereby warm-up, and practice trials are all controlled. abbreviationAfter you read this chapter, you should be able to do the followingDefine flexibility and other relevant terms related to flexibilityFlexibility is basically the range of motion around a joint. It is influenced by many factors.Flexibility is an important for overall health. It is important for basic daily function and comfort.Flexibility varies between joints within individuals and between individuals.List the factors affecting flexibilityFactors that influence flexibility are numerous and vary and can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic.Intrinsic factors include variables such as the tendon and muscle, whereas extrinsic factors include variables such as age, gender and activity levels.Explain the techniques for improving and measuring flexibility.There are many ways to stretch and improve flexibility. The most co mmonly prescribed method is static stretching for 10-30 seconds per muscle group.Including safe and full ROM exercises into our daily routine is an excellent way to improve and preserve flexibility.Flexibility should be measured at multiple sites and can be assessed using basic goniometry or a more simple test such as a sit and reach teat.SummaryFlexibility is an important component in overall health and generally declines with age. There are many benefits including reduced risk of low back pain and increased functional range of motion. Flexibility varies between people and is affected by many variables. These factors are usually classified as intrinsic or extrinsic. When we stretch we are usually trying to change intrinsic factors. Flexibility usually takes two forms, static and dynamic, and we can stretch a muscle using either form. Most exercise prescription for flexibility advocates static stretching and involves holding a stretch for 10-30 seconds per muscle group. When we stre tch or measure flexibility, it should be performed at multiple sites as flexibility tends to be site specific. The major joints to consider are the lower back, shoulders, and hamstrings.Chapter ReviewFlexibility Discussion QuestionsIdentify and describe 5 extrinsic factors that are known to influence flexibilityWhat are the best approaches to improve flexibility?What are the various musculoskeletal components that provide regulatory feedback to muscle stretch?Can you differentiate between the roles of golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles?Provide a short description for each of the following termsSarcomeres in series.Stretch reflex.Lengthening reaction.Proprioceptors.Autogenic inhibition.Reciprocal inhibition.