Of Mice and Men Essay

From reading Of Mice and Men sections one and two we know that George and Lennie’s relationship is a bit confusing as George mainly covers Lennie’s back. We also see that George can put Lennie down at times when George is annoyed at Lennie. Although from reading section three I can tell that their relationship is slowly becoming closer and a kinder one. Firstly, George is starting to make Lennie seem a little happier and to show him that he is not all bad at things. We can see this on page 43, line 4, ‘he’s sure of a good worker. Strong as a bull.’ This shows that George is at least trying to make Lennie feel good about himself. Another example of this can be seen again on page 43, line 11,’ he can do anything you tell him, said George. He’s a good skinner.’ This quote could mean that George really does deep down love Lennie as a friend. Secondly, the other hand George can be harsh to Lennie on the odd occasion where George is trying to be funny. A quote for this can be found on page 45, line 5,’ I wasn’t kicked in the head with no horse, was I, George? Be a darn good thing if you was, George said viciously. Save ever’ body or hell of a lot of trouble.’ We can tell from this that George tries to make himself laugh by saying bad things about Lennie. Thirdly, Lennie seems that he does not really seem to make a matter of that he is being treated badly by George sometimes. We can see this on page 43, line 7, ‘George scowled at him, and Lennie dropped his head in shame.’ This shows that he is upset by how he drops his head but doesn’t say anything back to try and defend himself. Shows that he is getting bullied by George a bit. Fourthly and finally another way their relationship builds up is how they always dream of the future and how they both want the best for each other also how they sort of know that it will be all good. I’m guessing that they will talk about the future a couple more times later on in the book. So from reading section 3 we can see that their relationship is very slowly getting better and their bond is getting tighter but George sometimes slows the relationship down, but can say good and positive things about Lennie on the odd occasion.

Content Of Professional Ethics For Accountants Accounting Essay

IntroductionCode of professional behavior for comptrollers, is the basic content of professional moralss for comptrollers, which the comptrollers should follow in the business activity and is used to set the behaviour of comptrollers. Along with the economic development, the behaviour criterions, the working types and the societal environment has had the alteration mostly. Meanwhile, people ‘s political orientation and value is besides altering. And the codification of moralss for professional comptrollers to breed ethical behaviour is uneffective. Lovell ( 1995 ) said: Much unfavorable judgment has been arisen at the accounting profession, such as the failure of accounting paperss and the failure of the accounting profession satisfactorily to take history of the public involvement in the finding of the hereafter of accounting and scrutinizing pattern. Many jobs have risen, such as, accounting information untruthful, accounting action ‘s nonstandard. It disarrangesA the o rder of the accounting profession. So observers have questioned the effectivity of the codification. In this article, it will discourse why the codification of professional behavior for comptrollers is uneffective. It refers five facets that are of import.BodyThere are defect and cleft bing in the system building. Related jurisprudence and codification of comptrollers are non perfect, and the system is imperfect, which carries out it can be suiting and is really easy to take advantage. Some accountant ordinances system is disused, does non accommodate with the present economic work activity, and needs to revise. Harmonizing to Reiter ( 1997 ) , there should be new paradigms for accounting pattern, in order to breed ethical behaviour of comptroller. Besides there are many sorts of accounting codification at the same clip, which affected the behaviour of members of the accounting profession. Accounting Furthermore accountant the object locates the environment of accounting is complica ted and diversified, which carries it trouble on the accurate localisation and the measuring. The definition of the comptrollers ‘ behaviour in the Torahs and ordinances is expressed, so the endeavor is really easy to run in advantage of the standard cleft. Social intermediary organisations have non carry out the codification purely independently, objectively, reasonably. Richardson, Cullen and Richardson ( 1996 ) said accounting and the comptrollers ‘ behaviour is influenced by the directors. Accounting houses and other societal mediators rely to a great extent on the purposes of director. with the drive of ferocious market competition, appetency of involvement and short-action, they go against the codification of moralss for professional comptrollers, to gain much from the company that should be audited, turn a blind oculus to the deformation of accounting information or even be an component, which damaged the independency of CPA audit services, and did non truly play an function of supervising, accounting deformation information has become inevitable. Harmonizing to Morgan ( 1996 ) , in his research, we can see that accounting contributes to the procedures of societal and organisational production is a large ground that the cod ification for comptrollers is uneffective. Social environment besides influences the actions of comptrollers. Social environment means a sort of ambiance, including a traditional wonts of idea, constructs of value, mode of behaviour, and the traditional attitude and position on the economic system. Harmonizing to Maury ( Maury & A ; McCarthy 2007 ) , he thought environment that supported these accounting and ethical. With the economic development, the behaviour criterions, the working types and the societal environment has had the alteration mostly. Meanwhile, people ‘s political orientation and value is besides altering. And the codification of moralss for professional comptrollers to breed ethical behaviour is uneffective. Many jobs have risen, such as, accounting information untruthful, accounting action ‘s nonstandard. It disarrangesA the order of the accounting profession Low qualities of comptrollers result in the ineffective of the codification. Harmonizing to Lovell ( 1995 ) , moral logical thinking and moral ambiance is cardinal facet to keep the order of accounting profession. First, it ‘s hapless self-denial. Since the development of competitory societal market economic system and the impact on values, portion of the lower moral comptrollers are frequently hard to defy enticement and adhere to the rule, so that individuality, money worship, hedonism is worse and worse. Everett and Green ( 2006 ) said that the nature of accounting virtuousnesss was altering. They earn money by non entering the income and intentionally forging, changing, hiding, destructing the accounting information. Second, many accounting staffs have a thin sense of jurisprudence. Some members of the accounting profession do non analyze jurisprudence and the method of accounting criterions, cognize small about the accounting codification, or even disregard the Torahs and ordinances. They do non set histories and supervise harmonizing to the ordinances. Last, the comptrollers have a hapless sense of professional moralss. Some comptrollers normally do non pay attending to the cultivation of professional moralss, no set up a existent thought of good religion, so in practical work, when they met with struggles of national involvements, societal involvements, unit and single involvements, they can non lodge to rules and do non move harmonizing to regulations and ordinances, instead from private involvements, made a breach of professional moralss in the behavior of accounting. Internal inadvertence mechanism is non perfect and deficiency of self-discipline mechanism. Some leaders want to derive political advantage, and capital, so they require the endeavors comptrollers to work for them. Accountants are frequently out of self-defense, output to force per unit area from the leading and inactive false histories. Some internal control system is uneffective and non implemented. With deficiency of independency, the internal audit is hard to make oversight. Effective corporate administration and internal control system is the base to transport out the codification for comptrollers.DecisionCode of professional behavior for comptrollers should be a contemplation of the accounting forces ‘s ethical motives behavior. As a codification, it ‘s used to teach the accounting, to keep the behaviour of comptrollers. Code of professional behavior for comptrollers is of import in engender ethical behaviour, which can vouch the accounting informations existent and complete, and keeping the order of the activities of comptrollers, and advancing the development of societal market economic system. This article has talked about the grounds that led the ineffective of the codification of professional behavior for comptrollers. In face with these jobs, it ‘s high clip for us to take some actions to work out it, to do a good environment for accounting and breeding ethical behaviour.Undertaking 2IntroductionAccountants take the chief duty of accounting activities, pros or cons of their ethical quality and professional quality will straight impact the quality of accounting units. There are many ethical jobs about the comptrollers which have been inferred in the Question 1, such as untruth accounting information, doing unsound information, falsifying the accounting informations, hammering verifier, and even disobeying the jurisprudence. The codification of Ethics is different from the jurisprudence. Accounting jurisprudence and ordinances as a c ompulsory criterion, it requires unconditioned in conformity with the demands of legal to move. And accounting moralss from religion, character, ability and that much more profound degree of nature and to act upon and better the quality of accounting behaviour. Following, it will speak about how to do an effectual codification of moralss for professional comptrollers and the grounds. In this portion, it relates five of import grounds, and explains them individually.BodyIt ‘s a base to amend and better the codification of accounting to beef up the edifice of the moralss for professional comptrollers. Development and betterment of the codification of accounting is basically a procedure of institutional alteration and invention. This procedure must follow the rule of effectivity. It is necessary to firmly lock the long-run reform of the accounting norm system of ends, but besides give full consideration to the building of the bing accounting standard theoretical account and the c haracteristics ; it is necessary to see the key restraints of the codification in institutional agreements, but besides to see the influence of informal establishment such as accounting environment. Effective corporate administration and internal control system is of import to the execution of codification of accounting. Tisha, Emerson, Conroy and Stanley ( 2007 ) â€Å" We postulate that accounting practicians may use a legalistic model to their appraisal of the acceptableness of each sketch. † So better the system and codification is of import. Internal Control Systems provides a good internal environment the in the operation of the codification for comptrollers in the endeavor. Internal control system can be divided into internal accounting control and internal direction control, criterion, systematic, scientific internal control system enhances the monitoring attempts of accounting criterion, which can cut down the job of non obey the codification from the beginning. Internal accounting control is the key in the internal control. The procedure of constitution of sound internal accounting control itself is the execution of the codification comptrollers in the endeavor procedure ; internal accounting control in concern operations based on criterion or another is one of the basic content of the accounting criterion. The strength of full scope of accounting supervising system is a system protect for the smooth operation of the codification for the comptrollers. First, strengthen internal accounting control system which is based on the internal audit. The internal audit has uncomparable advantages compared with the external ordinance: at foremost, the internal audit staff can take part in the enterprise day-to-day concern activities, so the information accessed is more specific, elaborate and systematic than external regulators ; what ‘s more, the internal audit belongs to the internal direction of endeavors, so it can place jobs earlier and resolved internally in progress, which can gain the trust of the leaders ; at last, the internal audit is aimed to guarantee the smooth operation of the economic and better economic benefit of the company, which is in understanding with the concluding end of the accounting and leading answerability ends. Second, set uping and bettering a full scope of ex ternal monitoring system is the warrant to the smooth execution of the codification for the comptrollers. As Donaldson ( 1982 ) said, to do the codification more effectual, it should authorise more public proceedings. External supervising include civilian inadvertence of accounting houses as the behalf of investors ; the authorities supervising implemented by the fiscal sector and other relevant sections and other signifiers of extended societal monitoring such as public sentiment. Under certain conditions, a broad scope of community supervising in peculiar public sentiment can play function of inadvertence mechanisms which other machineries are hard to make. Optimization of the action of the comptrollers is besides a cardinal facet. Optimization of the comptrollers ‘ action means to optimise the entityA to accomplishing the integrating effects of group behaviour, to better efficiency and to accomplish and make of import â€Å" capable † warrant and the environment to implement the codification. Supply a good societal environment for it besides influences the actions of comptrollers. In the sentiment of Cohen, Pant and Sharp ( 1992 ) , cultural and socioeconomic factors could hinder the credence and execution of a profession ‘s international codification of behavior. Harmonizing to Stevens ( 2008 ) † Culture and effectual communicating are cardinal constituents to a codification ‘s success. † Promotion and instruction is of import. circulate consistently and explicate accountancy professional moralss through certain agencies and methods so it can make a strong ambiance of public sentiment and bit by bi t perforate into the deepnesss of people ‘s heads which can sublimate the interior universe, better the cognitive criterions, set up a moral normative value. Another step is set an illustration for presentation. Influence the ethical behaviour of accounting practicians, through promotion and instruction on the advanced theoretical accounts. Examples can be inspirational and put forward ends which can ensue in great mental strength. -e? » c ¤?aa?†cs„?†¹Ã¢â‚¬ °aa ­-c ¬Ã‚ ¦cs„?†¹?eY?Aa ­-a†¦? – ?Y?c?†¹a ­-a†¦?e? ¦c »Ã¢â‚¬  a† Ã¢â‚¬ ¦a ®? To make an excellence belongings rights environment is of import. Social environment means a sort of ambiance, including a traditional wonts of idea, constructs of value, mode of behaviour, and the traditional attitude and position on the economic system. Clear definition of belongings rights is the chief factor for comptrollers conduct accounting activities based on the codification.DecisionThe codification for comptrollers purposes to breeding ethical behaviours, and it ‘s evident that transporting out the codification for comptrollers and bettering the ethical behaviour of comptrollers are of import in the accounting activities. From recent research, it showed that the codification is non effectual, as it says in the book of Dandago ( 2003 ) . So it ‘s high clip to take some actions, such as the five actions talked above: amending and bettering the codification, effectual corporate administration and internal control system, full scope of accounting supervising system, optimisation of the action of the comptrollers and making an excellence belongings rights environment. The codification of moralss for professional comptrollers constitutes a usher, which restricts and regulates the ethical behaviour of accounting activities. It represents the accounting profession ‘s moral duty and duty to society. Strengthen the edifice of the accounting codification of moralss can do it effectual in standardising accounting behaviour.

Analyze the given scenario Essay Example for Free

Analyze the given scenario Essay Analyze the given scenario and perform a K.T problem analysis to identify the cause of the problem. Sparkling mineral water is the primary product of Bubbles, Inc. This firm, which is based in France, serves three major markets— Europe, North America, and Australia. It collects water from a natural spring; the water is then filtered through a parallel array of three filter units, each containing two charcoal filters. The filtration process removes trace amounts of naturally occurring contaminants. The filtered water is stored in separate tank farms, one for each market, until it is transported by tanker truck to one of the three bottling plants that serve the company’s markets. When the water arrives at the bottling plant, it is temporarily placed in 3500 m3 storage tanks until it can be carbonated to provide the effervescence that is the trademark of the producer. Some of the water is also flavored with lemon, cherry, and raspberry additives. Next, the sparkling water is packaged in a variety of bottle sizes and materials, ranging from 0-ounce glass bottles to 1-liter plastic bottles. The European market receives its shipments directly by truck, usually within three days. Products bound for North America or Australia are shipped first by truck to the waterfront and then by freighters to their overseas destinations. Business has been good for the last several months, with the North American and European markets demanding as much sparkling water as can be produced. This situation has required that Bubbles contract with additional plastic bottle suppliers to keep up with the increased demand. It has also forced regularly scheduled maintenance for the Australian and North American tank farms to be delayed and rescheduled because of the high demand for the product. There is also, of course, a larger demand placed on the spring that supplies the mineral water for the process.Unfortunately, the news is not all good for Bubbles. The bottling plant for the Australian market is currently several weeks behind schedule owing to a shipment that was lost at sea. This catastrophe has required that water from the company’s reserve springs, which are located many miles from the bottling plant, be used to augment the water supplied by the regular spring so that the bottling plant can operate at an even higher level of production. The availability of water from the reserve springs is hindered by their remote locations, but  the water from these springs does not require filtration. In addition, contract negotiations are going badly and it appears there will be a strike at all of the bottling plants. Recent weather forecasts indicate that relief from the ongoing drought, which has already lasted three months, is n ot likely. Worst of all, customers in the North American and Australian markets are complaining that all shipments of the sparkling water in the last six weeks have contained benzene in unacceptably high concentrations. You know that benzene is often used as an industrial solvent but is also found naturally. A quick survey of the bottling plant managers shows that the North American- bound products that are currently packaged and awaiting shipment have benzene concentrations in excess of acceptable concentrations. However, the managers of the bottling plants that service the Australian and European markets report that no significant level of benzene was detected in the bottles that are currently stored. Authorities in the North American and Australian markets have already begun recalling the product, with authorities in the European market pressuring Bubbles for a quick solution and threatening to recall products as a precautionary measure. Information adapted from the following journal:American Chemical Society. (1992). When the bubble burst: The company’s response proved as the original contamination. Analyze the given scenario. (2016, Aug 28).

Critical Standard of Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address and Essay

Critical Standard of Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address and - Essay Example With this argument, he was able to make a case for the necessity of having both North and South work to clean up the damage left behind by war. Although the speech is widely recognized as a rhetorical device, it is not always clearly expressed what exactly comprises a rhetorical device. In other words, while experts claim the speech is rhetorical, they don’t define why it is rhetorical – what elements are required in order to classify a speech as rhetorical. Understanding the rhetorical structure of Lincoln’s speech requires first understanding rhetoric. In attempting to understand just what elements should be looked for or understood as a means of identifying rhetoric, it is helpful to examine the field of rhetorical study. One theorist, Lloyd Bitzer, provides a relatively straight-forward answer regarding how to identify rhetoric by suggesting there are three essential components – exigence, audience and a set of constraints. The first component of Bitzer’s theory regarding rhetoric is the concept of exigence. The American Heritage Dictionary defines this term as â€Å"the condition of being in need of immediate assistance; a condition in which something necessary or desirable is required or wanted; a decisive point; something asked for or needed† (â€Å"Exigence†, 2003). In his theory, Bitzer explains that exigence refers to any situation in which there is â€Å"an imperfection marked by urgency; it is a defect, an obstacle, something waiting to be done, a thing which is other than it should be† (Bitzer, 1968: 7). In other words, something is supposed to happen and it doesn’t, creating an urgent need for communication to resolve the issue. On the other hand, this could also refer to a situation in which something has happened that shouldn’t have happened, again creating the necessity for effective

Parents and Their Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Parents and Their Children - Essay Example Most parents do not seem to be concerned with the possible outcome of this problem within their families. Moreover, this problem is closely correlated with Judaism and Christianity which are considered as the world’s greatest religions. In most cases, sibling rivalry is attributed to hostility between siblings. This antagonism can be depicted in numerous methods, which are extremely dangerous. This shows that this conflict usually involves aggression; however, sibling rivalry is not related to sibling abuse. Sibling abuse is a situation whereby a child oppresses the other through unnoticeable techniques (Susan, 1992). According to psychologists, sibling rivalry can be defined as a form of competition that crops up among children in a home (Susan, 1992). This can also be referred to as enmity among children whether they are blood-related or not. In most cases, the rivalry arises from several factors that are contained either outside or within the family. Some of the factors include personality of the children, birth order, treatment of children by the parents and life experiences. This contention vastly affects children who are of the same gender or those who are born at a close range. As explained by most child psychologists, this issue is widespread and can involve belligerence among the children. In addition, the factors largely contribute to this conflict. For example, parental treatment is said to affect children, even in their teenage years. When these issues are not resolved, then the children might end up hurting each other or even killing their fellow siblings. Reports show that children of age 10-15 are those affected largely by sibling rivalry with the main issue being intellectuality. In prolonged situations, these jealousy issues can thrive to adulthood (Faber & Mazlish, 2012). This can negatively affect the whole family line.

Reaction Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reaction Papers - Essay Example The reader evaluate if his society impacts positively or negatively on the general health of the existing population. In addition the article draws the attention of its reader to existing social factors that may influence the health of both the individual’s and the whole population. Moreover, this article draws concerns on whether it is individual socialization or the whole society’s integration that actually affects the health. Though the article is founded on strong foundations of the role of social networks in influence on health, it should be noted that individuals deal with stress related issues differently. These social supports are important but personal dealing of the situation is much more important. To conclude, this article has very strong arguments that should be considered in the future in order to deal with general health in any given society. It advocates for special emphasis in natural social interventions rather than depending on social support groups. Secondly, the article calls for various social environment interventions, like; increased social support within the existing social networks and, cutting on negative interactions (Cohen 676-682). This article, by Michael Lowe, is a critique to the existing weight loss programs in developed counties. Michael observes that these programs are founded on the equipotential intervention bases. As such they are short lived and therefore those engaged in such programs regain the weight lost in due course. The article consequently advances the need to utilize self-regulation methods as the appropriate means of achieving a stable degree of weight controls by individuals and the society as a whole. This article has a good base for its argument since it is only through behavioral checks that individuals can maintain a stable weight (Lowe 45s-59s). The study is developed from observations on the trends of obesity over the past decades. Further, this study considers various

Sustainability of autoclaved aerated concrete (ACC) Essay

Sustainability of autoclaved aerated concrete (ACC) - Essay Example Autoclaved aerated concrete (â€Å"AAC†), though not much known in the United States, is now one of the many building products being touted as â€Å"green† or â€Å"environmentally friendly.† This paper briefly examines the advantages and disadvantages of building with AAC, paying specific attention to the aspects of the product that may lend to its designation as a sustainable building material. ACC concrete block showing the cellular pore structure (Shi and Fouad 105) AAC is not a new building material; however it is new to United States of America. It originated from Sweden in the early years of 1920 as a result of a rise in demands of timber supplies; AAC is a lightweight building stone that is manufactured (Shi and Fouad 105). AAC is used in a large number of commercial, industrial, and residential applications. This material has been used in Europe for many decades. Also leading in the use is Middle East followed by South America and Australia. Autoclaved a erated concrete is a precast product manufactured by mixing silica, cement, lime, water, and aluminum powder, and pouring it into a mold. With respect to reinforced AAC products like roof panels, lintels, steel rebar or mesh is also placed in the mold. When added to the concrete, the aluminum powder reacts with the silica, forming millions of microscopic hydrogen bubbles (Shi and Fouad 105). The hydrogen bubbles make the concrete to expand relatively five times its original volume. The hydrogen then evaporates, leaving a tightly closed-cell aerated concrete. The now aerated concrete is cut into blocks or panels which are then steam and pressure-cured in an autoclave. Unlike traditional concrete masonry units (â€Å"CMU†), AAC is a solid material system with combined insulative and structural components, and is there in a variety of products that can be used in both load and non-load-bearing applications. Complete load bearing applications, however, are only used in low-rise c onstruction, though large panels are available to take advantage of AAC’s fire proofing, insulative and other benefits on mid and high-rise projects (Craig and Ding 102). Again, the big wall, floor, and roof panels, measuring a number of feet’s long, and feet wide, and in AAC has been used in the United States for approximately 10 years. The United States’ recent embrace of the material is likely due to, the high initial capital expenditures required in setting up domestic AAC manufacturing facilities, and the fact that, unlike many of the countries where AAC is a common product, the vast majority of residential buildings in the United States utilize timber-frame construction (Craig and Ding 102). The rest of the AAC system consists of blocks, which are stacked using thin-set mortar and not traditional cement mortar. The blocks are available in a variety of sizes and types, e.g., standard blocks, typically measuring 24 inches long, 8 inches high, and in thicknes ses between 6 and 12 inches; jumbo blocks, which reduce construction time; U-blocks, which have a channel running the length of the block that once filled with concrete, provides structural support as headers and on the top course of each floor and cored blocks, which are used adjacent to corners and openings and have a centered, 4 inch vertical core at one end of the block forming running vertical core through the wall that is then filled with rebar and concrete (Craig and Ding 102). AAC lintels with integrated structural support are also manufactured and are substitutes to using the U-block system for headers. With flexibility and combined structural and insulation components, an AAC entire structure can be made using the one material. Exterior surfaces can be finished with stucco, traditional veneers or siding, while interior walls can be plastered, painted, or left unfinished, in addition to traditional sheetrock finishes. Further, AAC is easy to use and can be cut and manipulat ed with normal wood-working tools. AAC cut down Additional Material Use and Minimizes Waste and Pollution.

Academic Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Academic Paper - Essay Example It can be seen in factors such as business performance, integrity levels, fairness and involvement of the local community. Even after ensuring that all these are in place, a company is always at the mercy of the public and any kind of deviation results in a drop in corporate credibility. Toyota Motors Corporation has over the years built a world class corporate reputation by putting emphasis in quality, design excellence, customer focus as well as constant improvement in its manufacturing and operation processes. This has brought many benefits including customer loyalty and increased market share. The 2009 recall however strained this brand by bringing in quality concerns in the vehicles. This treatise will rely on impact of persuasive information in the forming of opinions to demonstrate that Toyota Motors Corporation’s corporate reputation was compromised by the recall. This is done by looking at buyers’ opinion on several media platforms such as newspapers, newswires, forums, auto blogs and online

Business plan of shop for quality and well designed jewelry, shoes, Essay

Business plan of shop for quality and well designed jewelry, shoes, earrings, handbags - Essay Example Of all the factors that have initiated the high demand for cloths in the global market, technological improvement contributes approximately 60% of the total sales (Joshi, 2005). Based on the effectiveness of the online selling techniques in terms of expanding the customers base, companies that have gone global emulates e-commerce and social sites such as face book and twitter to market their products. Being focused to meet the increased demand for women wears, we are establishing a business referred to as Shoesholic enterprises (Gartner, 1985). Shoesholic allows working women and young ladies in colleges to shop for quality and well designed jewelry, shoes, earrings as well as handbags right from our outlets. It is essential to note that selling a modern and well fitting outfit that makes women feel special is our purpose. Shoesholic aims to make celebrities as well as other women to feel proud and enjoy the red carpet treatment. This achievement is based our commitment to emulate pr oduct diversification that entails products that comes with a personalized services and styles that are only experienced by celebrities (Richard, 2010). In our research we have realized that women can shop for their shoes anywhere. But unless a lady customer walks into a high priced boutiques located in Major UK cities, they cannot get personalized services during their shopping. We are therefore determined to end this buying pattern by providing online offers that offers personalized attention to all our women customers (Needham, 1996). This paper analyses our business plan by discussing our main business objectives, strategies, finances and other major aspects that Shoesholic will adopt to retain a competitive edge. Mission statement The mission of Shoesholic is to sell high quality women outfits that include leather bags, jewelry and shoes among others. Based on our affordable prices, we are aimed at attracting large number of customers regardless of their social and economic sta tus. As a way of enhancing a positive product-customer relationship, we are setting up a physical shop in UK (Abell, 2009). In this way, all the customers’ queries and feedback will be received thus ensuring that our products meet the needs of every customer. Shoesholic is focused at proving adequate and regular training to all employees as a way of ensuring that they acquire relevant skills to deal with the customers. This is a key role that our customer care department under the leadership of an external public relationship officer will undertake. Objectives of Shoesholic 1) To increase the company sales by 60% in the next five years. 2) To open at least 50 retail outlets in various parts of the world in the next five years as a way of effectively serving our customer base. 3) To increase monthly wages or employees by 50% in the next 2 years. This will improve their productivity thus enhancing the profitability of Shoesholic. 4) To

Cuban Missile Crisis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cuban Missile Crisis - Assignment Example In 1896, the decision of Plessy v. Feguson held that the Jim Crow rule did not violate the American Fourteenth Amendment. The Decision was ignorance that black facilities were inferior (Bennett 214). Due to the subservient position of African Americans, In 1955 Rosa Park defied the norm of the time. She refused to give up a seat in a bus in Alabama, Montgomery. The refusal instigated mass protest among blacks who boycotted the bus transport. The boycott led many blacks to follow Martin Luther King Jr as patron of the newly founded Montgomery Improvement Association. The support made King very popular amongst blacks where he himself adopted Gandhi approach of non-violent approach as a way of advocating for non-white rights (Bennett 216). The maturity of black’s movements was gradual, blacks were relentless in their course, due to this, major campaigns were widespread, this leading to Birmingham case where non-violent demonstrators were hurt by law enforcers. The result made white perceive that the black nationalism might occur and this led president Kennedy to introduce civil rights act of 1964 and London to introduce in 1965 the voting rights amongst blacks (Bennett 217). The October crisis or Cuban missile was a result of Suspicion and fear on spread of communism in America. According to Allison and Zellikov (110), it was a confrontation among Cuba, United States of America and the Soviet Union in 1962. The origin was a result of USA failure to overthrow Cuba regime. Due to this, the Cuban and its allies Soviet governments began to build different ballistic missiles which were perceived to have ability to hit and destroy US. Castro and his counterpart from Russia, Krushchev were ready to invade US if USA invaded Cuba, which the Soviet saw as their only option to spread communism in Latin America (Allison and Zellikov 112). After the confrontation had ended, Soviet Union dismantled the

Debate & MySpace Essay Example for Free

Debate MySpace Essay The motion here today is that Social networking sites can actually cause more harm than good. We do not however deny the fact that in today’s society, these social networking sites do bring benefits to our daily life and also in the ever growing business industry. For example, it helps us connect with our loved ones who are halfway round the globe, or even a marketing platform for business developers with its vast consumer reach. On the other hand, what we are affirming today is that despite it upsides, it can bring about MORE harm than good. It is an increasingly untenable fact, especially with the ease of access to the internet to virtually anyone, that these social media can have more negative effects than good. This is Veronica, she will be speaking about the negative effects that it will bring to our health and financial fraud. Secondly, Hema will elaborate further the effects on business risk and personal risk. Thirdly, Nazrul will touch on the topic of productivity and cyber-criminal activities. Last but not least, Joshua will briefly wrap up about this debate. This is a 5-round debate, and we look forward to challenging our opponent in this controversial topic. Social networking sites are websites that facilitate communication between 2 or more individuals. When we are communicating with 2 or more individuals, many fail to realise that we are essentially putting out information on ourselves out there on the World Wide Web. There are obviously a lot of privacy issues at hand when this happens. Im certain that the opposition will argue that we have control of what we share over the internet, and we can prevent these issues from happening. Even if we are very careful on what information we share, we still cannot prevent all forms of privacy violation  from happening. An article on The Guardian UK states that Facebook users are unwittingly revealing intimate secrets including their sexual orientation, drug use or political beliefs. A research shows that just by looking at a user’s Like activities, they can predict information about the user. Researchers are able to predict a users characteristics, race, religion, beliefs and political views with up to an accuracy rate of a shocking 88%. Even if we do put in controls, data on these sites are still accessible to anyone, especially those with expertise in the IT arena. A student from the University of Georgia is suing her university of $2 million dollar over the misuse of her Facebook picture. The University have pulled out a picture of her in a bikini from her social media account for a district-wide presentation campaign raising awareness on what not to do on social media. Incidentally, this student has set her privacy settings to only allow her friends to view her pictures. These examples here gives a fair indication of how our personal information can be accessed by almost anyone regardless of the measures that we took to protect our information. And if the opposition party would like to argue that it is the user’s decision NOT to put anything on the social sites, then I think that it would be considered as NOT USING these social media sites in any case, and as such, would be irrelevant to the topic of today. Another issue that I would like to address today is Cyber Bullying. Cyber bullying is a very serious problem because it’s very harmful to younger generation psychologically and also physically. Most bullies don’t think about what they say or do have an enormous effect on others. A very famous case sparked the attention of many people to realize that cyber bullying does have a very negative effect. The case of Amanda Todd shocked the world as she posted a video before committing suicide. In the black white video, Amanda tells the world her story of years of bullying. I now would like to pass on to my fellow colleague who will go on to the second point. Cyber Bullying Amanda Todd http://www.abc4.com/content/news/top_stories/story/Girl-Commits-Suicide-After-Being-Cyber-Bullied/qIO2h9LBhUaCEB_3oQlbzg.cspx Jessica Laney http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/social-media-blamed-teen-suicide-article-1.1218550 Eden Wormer http://abcnews.go.com/US/bullied-teen-commits-suicide-posting-loves-haterz/story?id=15887174 http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/mar/11/facebook-users-reveal-intimate-secrets http://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/student-sues-school-district-for-using-her-facebook-bikini-picture-in-school-wide-presentation/ http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/selfies-damage-relationships-study-article-1.1424830 http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/internet-is-bad-for-kids-mental-health-237178.html In Wake Of Teen Suicides, Ask.fm Faces A Myspace Problem

Causes of World War One Essay Example for Free

Causes of World War One Essay World War One was a turning point in history. Many scholars study this event and what caused this huge conflict. Germany used to be the sole one responsible for this war, but many controversial debates later, the blame was gradually put on the other great powers of Europe as well. In this essay, I will be analyzing the main causes of WWI, especially targeting the long-term causes. Most of these causes and events may be classified into 4 main themes: imperialism, the alliance system, militarism nationalism. Imperialism contributed greatly to the outbreak of WWI. Imperialism is when a country takes over other lands and subjects them to their rule to extend their power and influence. In the pre-WWI era, the great powers of Europe strove to expand their empires. Germany, who only became an united nation in 1871, desired a large empire like Britain’s, who at the time had an empire that stretched out over 5 continents and colonized about 1/3 of the world. However, Germany only had a few pieces of Africa. Soon, though, they decided they wanted more. In 1896, Admiral Muller said to Prince Henry of Germany, â€Å"either we harness the total strength of the nation ruthlessly, even if it means accepting the risk of a major war, or we limit ourselves to continental power alone.† This shows how much Germany would do for more land and power. It clearly shows they prioritized developing their empire over suppressing war if it arose. In 1897, Prince von Bulow of Germany said, â€Å"We don’t want to put anyone else in the shade but we too demand a place in the sun.† It is suggested that Germany wanted more of Africa and Asia. The fierce competition over lands caused incredible tension between the great powers. Each country wanted to dominate more lands to increase their trades and power. This can also be seen in the First Moroccan Crisis. France and Germany had begun to motion towards war over the colonization of Morocco. France, assisted by Britain and Russia, wanted to colonize Morocco, whilst Germany, who was weakly supported by Austria-Hungary wanted to annoy France and create strain in the Entente Cordiale’s friendship, as well as keep Morocco independent so it would be easier to conquer and keep trading with them. This shows how easily countries may begin to consider war and attack to take over new lands. Another event that shows clear intent of imperialism is the Bosnian Crisis in 1908, when Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia, tension grew so thick between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that with one tiny trigger, war would be a possible threat. Another main cause of WWI was militarism. Britain, who had the strongest navy at that time, felt threatened when Germany decided they wanted to build their navy power as well. The Anglo-German naval race of 1906-12 started when Kaiser William II of Germany released the Tirpitz Plan, which was a plan to increase Germany’s naval size. The British brought out the HMS Dreadnought, a deadly battleship, in 1906. Though Britain eventually won, it was clear Germany posed a serious threat. There was also an increase of armed forces which created the mood and atmosphere for war. By 1900, Russia had the biggest army of 1.1 million, though the number had decreased to 0.8 million by 1914. The armies of Germany and France had more than doubled from 1870, though England’s army had not increased much as they prioritized the naval race over building their army. With this attitude to building their military power, it was inevitable that these thoughts would eventually lead to putting the m to use. The alliance system also contributed greatly to the war. An alliance is when 2 or more countries form a type of ‘friendship’ where if one country is in trouble, the other/others would step in and help. The two main alliances were the Triple Entente, which consisted of France, Britain and Russia, and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. The Triple Entente, formed in 1907, remained strong as ever even when Germany tried to sever their bonds in an argument with France over Morocco. Additionally, Russia and Germany signed unofficial secret ‘reassurance treaties’ though it was not renewed in 1890 when William II of Germany took over. This led Russia to search for a new ally. In the end, France and Russia formed an alliance in 1894. This was exactly what Germany had hoped to avoid as now they were sandwiched between the 2 countries, leaving them extremely vulnerable in the case of an attack. However, William II was young and felt no need to have Russia on their side. It should be taken into account that if there wasn’t an alliance system, WII might not have been a ‘world war’, just one between Austria-Hungary and Serbia after an immediate cause- the trigger event of the assassination of the heir of the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Bosnia on 28th, June 1914. The assassination of the Archduke was committed by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist. He was part of the ‘Black Hand’, a secret Serbian nationalist society. This links to nationalism as the Serbs were tired of being ruled by the Austro-Hungarians, and in return, murdered Austro-Hungary’s heir. This shows how much they were wiling to do to make their point. This also links back to the alliance system. France, bound by treaty to Russia, found themselves at war against Germany, and by extension, war against Austria Hungary. Meanwhile, Britain who was allied to France, declared war on Germany. Once again, it should be mentioned that if it were not for the alliance system, perhaps not as many countries would’ve been involved in the war.

A Reflective Clinical Assignment Nursing Essay

A Reflective Clinical Assignment Nursing Essay The students questioning the practice of controlling infections in the community arise due to the infections seeming to be a less significant part in the policy formation. It is common in some hospitals for only patients in admission are thought to have MRSA are the only ones who will undergo screening. This is in the work of Simone, et al. (2005). This shows that the hospitals main concentration is on patients they see as threats to spreading the infections. I think the tests should be done for all patients in the hospital and the people who visit the hospitals as a compulsory mechanism to detect the infection early. Dobzhansky (1973, p.67) states that, Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Thus, they should get funds to conduct research on various infections. There are similar approaches done for other infections like the H1N1 flue. There was a case of H1N1 in 2009, in America that gave them a scare because they were not in preparation for the disease. This is in the work of Fridskin (2005). This shows that they were not ready with the right policies to eliminate the infection. The topic is indeed a continuation of the various explorations of infections in the country. This is because there are various articles and journals providing extensive information on various approaches on treating infections. Section 2 The literature does relate to the main topic of infection in a direct way by providing a method to deal with the health care infections. For example, this Antiseptic technique ensures that individuals live in an environment free of microscopic pathogens. The department of Health states that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦healthcare professionals must apply rigorously and consistently the measures known to be effective in reducing the risk of healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) and that clinical team must demonstrate high standards of aseptic technique. The antiseptic method is made up of two methods that include surgical aseptic and aseptic non-touch technique. The two methods allow control of infection in hospitals as well as outside the hospital. There is the aspect of reducing infection by using comprehensive methods. This means that not only the hospitals should be aware of the dangers of infections but also the public at large. I think, it is possible that, patients who undergo surgery to get noscomical MRSA. This is in support of Fridiskin (2005). Thus, the diseases that cause the infection do not always originate from the hospitals but the general public is prone to the diseases as much as hospital patients. In conducting my study, it was evident that the literature does indeed consider the aspect of getting a better understanding of infection. My study does provide grounds for the statistical data in numbers those with infections. There is also the aspect of the literature emphasizing the inclusion of new agents in the process of research. This is as a result of adapting to the current change state of viruses and the discovery of more elusive viruses. There are many cases where Gram-positive species have become increasingly resistant to previously effective medicines. This is in the work of Murugan and Peter (2004). The topic understands that in turn to be able to be critical in reflecting one has to understand first that there are new methods available. According to me the literatures are in agreement with infections taking over the community and hospitals at large. This is as the following aspects of the literature speak the type of infections. This is in identifying the infection of it is MRSA (Methicillin-resistant S. aureui) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This helps in better treatment of the infection, unlike if the knowledge on the infection was absent. There is also the aspect of understanding the gravity of the infections. That is that the statistics show that 30% of the population fall victims to the MRSA infections when they are carriers without knowing. Simone, et al. (2005, p.65) state that, During the 1950s hospital strains of S. aureus showed increasing resistance to penicillin. This showing that treatment of infections has to gain improvement by introducing new drugs and treatment methods. This could be made possible by the researchers reflecting on how the infection is able to mutate and flourish in the community. There is also the facet of having the knowledge on how to treat infections. The literature also acknowledges that not all schools of thought are on the same page. The methods that I may decide to use may be in support of one group and controversial to the other. This is in the work of Simone, et al. (2005). In this case, one school proposes that MRSA eradication should be done in terms of colonization while the other says that colonization is not an effective method. This is an essential aspect of the programs suitable to reduce the prevalence of infection. Thus, both the school of thoughts should be put into consideration, and the course of action should weigh which school they support or integration of both. In my process of removing infections in the community and hospitals, there are challenges. These are in terms of the circumstances as the literature suggests. The environment where the infection originates dictates how the methods in use will be effective. For example, if screening is at the hospital the infection will gain identification. The opinion on the literature in provision is that it tackles the main aspects of the infections providing new methods and remedies. It includes all the individuals from who are prone to infections, which is essential in the study. This is in support of Ruddy (2001). This ensures that the wealth of information is vast and highly useful in combating the diseases. There are statistical data that help in better understanding of the infections coverage. The literature covers MRSA in a broad manner from what it is to viable treatments. Thus, the literature is a valuable backbone for further research on infection and adapting better therapeutic methods. There is research done on the aseptic methods of treating infections, and it finds that, Hart (2007, p.65) states, The importance of adopting an ANTT by all healthcare workers for all patients should be emphasized. This is as a result of studies that show that aseptic non-touch techniques are viable this is because they include the househol ds. Section 3 The literature shows that the community and hospital are on the way to adopting change. Simone, et al. (2005, p.85) states that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦only patients admitted from hospital wards where MRSA is known to be present are screened for MRSA prior to transfer. Hence the investigators were keen to study patients transferred from settings other than this. The medical system has come to the realization that other individuals outside the hospital are indeed carriers of infections. Various authors are making it known that the mutation of infections is detrimental. That the hospital needs to, set funds aside to aid, in researching on remedies to combat infections. Fedtke (2004, p.24) states that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the bacterium bolsters its defenses against antibacterial attack. The bacteria do evolve at a much faster rate faster than humans do. Thus, there should be constructive research progressing in order to even the odds. The techniques in use, in the literature, also encourage individuals to adapt to the new therapies and technique. For example, the Newer Treatment Options for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. These changes can gain realization by the hospital and community. In the case of the evolution and the rapid change of the bacteria, the possibility is high. There is the availability of up to date technology that will aid in the research of the various bacteria. Nevertheless, even though the bacteria mutate fast the technology is also changing rapidly. The data will also be made out in a clear and constructive way that will allow the flow of ideas on the various methods to eradicate infections. It is true that rational antimicrobial and awareness of infection control measures is vital to avert the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms. This is in support of Murugan and Peter (2004). The education system is also favorable as the clinical research courses are extensive thus a number of individuals can work together. Fridkin (2005, p.67) states that, In some American cities, for example, Baltimore and Atlanta, community-associated MRSA infections are now common and serious. This shows that not only the patients in the hospital but the community fall victims to infections. Thus, it is easy to change the focus of the research. The policies that hospitals use should be consistent with the severity of most infections, for example, pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection that attacks the larger population. In the past, it was not a major threat, but today it is. Susan (2007, p.56) states that, Patients are at increased risk for either type of pneumonia. Thus, medical systems in the hospitals should not hesitate to change the way they treat, diagnose and screen patients. The three approaches in combat evolution focus change and adaptation are in the literature. Charleboiset (2004, p.89) states that, Presumably patients and visitors export MRSA from the hospital to the community and vice versa. This supports the notion that the focus should change and the community to be part of the research. Thus, new adoption of policies and medicines will be the way to go for eradication of the infections. There is an area that the literature has not put finance. In this area of finance, the figures for the adoption of the various techniques are not present. Hence, the techniques and procedures will be difficult for implementation if the researcher does not have the numerical value estimates that the management requires. The issues that arise at my level as the practitioner include the grasp of the knowledge. In the study, of the various infections, which are numerous, it is tiresome and time consuming. This may deter the morale of the practitioner to produce results correctly and quickly. The issues that may arise at the level of the organization may include efficiency. This is where the research undergoes judging according to the way it was done. That is if the research abides to the rules and if it is right. The recommendation is that the hospitals should collaborate with each other in order for the research to be fruitful. References List Aveyard, H., 2002. The requirement for informed consent prior to nursing care procedures. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37(3), pp.243-249. Bradley, C., 2000. Control of Hospital Infection: A Practical Handbook. 4th ed. London: Arnold. Charleboiset, R. et al., 2004. Origins of community strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 39, pp.47-54. Department of Health, 2005. Saving Lives: the Delivery Programme to Reduce Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI) Including MRSA. London: The Stationery Office. Department of Health, 2006. Environment and Sustainability Health Technical Memorandum 07-01: Safe Management of Healthcare Waste. London: VM Stationery Office Dobzliansky, T., 1973. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Ann Biol Tech 35, pp.125-9. Fridkin, H. et al., 2005. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Program of the Emerging Infections Program Network. N Engl J Med 352, pp.1436-44. Fedtke, F. et al., 2004. Bacterial evasion of innate host defense. J Med Microbiol 294, pp. 189-94. Gakuu, N., 1997. Review of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with special reference to handling of surgical patients. East African Med, 74, pp.198-/202. Hart, S., 2007. Using an aseptic technique to reduce the risk of infection. Nursing Standard, 21(47), pp.43-8. Murugan, R. and Peter, K.L, 2004. Newer Treatment Options for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Drugs, 64 (15), pp.1621-42. Ruddy, M. et al., 2001. Hospital hairdresser as a potential source of cross-infection with MRSA. J Hosp Infect 49, pp.225-7. Simone, A. et al., 2005. An investigation of MRSA infection in a hospice. Palliative Medicine 19, pp.188-196. Susan, H., 2007. When your patient has pneumonia. www.Nursing2007.com. Whitney, C. et al., 1997. The role of arbitrary primed PCR in identifying the source of an outbreak of Legionnaires disease. J Clin Microbiol, 35, pp.1800-4.

Graduation Speech: Act on What is Righteous :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The world we live in is growing more distant and uncaring every day. Technology lures us in with promises of convenience and proceeds to separate us from personal attention, and the personal attention that we do get is often cold and indifferent. ATMs, Internet shopping and electronic checkout at the supermarket, all designed so that we can go through an entire day without having to face anyone. Even school research projects can be done entirely in front of a computer screen. While downloading music, checking your e-mail and instant-messaging your friends, you can find all that latest information on poverty, starvation and worldwide- epidemics. Every time we come together as a class we defy this new trend, and we have flourished in our adversity of it. A wealth of humanity, we share our ideas, our stories, our hopes and our dreams. We make lasting friendships and we clash in heated disagreements. We learn to listen to one another, building on our understanding of literature and history through others' observations and reactions. Why is it that we always start talking when the teacher turns their back? Why is it that we stay out in the hall chatting with one another until the second that - or a few minutes after - the bell rang? Why do we all know the story line to Dawson's Creek, even though only a few of us watched it? Why is it that Ms. Callaghan congratulated our class on keeping up lively discussion and a high energy up to the very last days of the school year? We crave contact, we crave each other's company, because more and more it is being taken away by what is convenient. All of us have helped each other evolve by taking part in human experience, sharing our differences. We have state-bound athletes and we have state-bound mathletes. We have Nate- squared, el Presidente and a human Swan. Our class has individuals who have already devoted themselves to a profession: kindergarten teachers, doctors, veterinarians, and in our Salutatorian's case: a door-to-door salesman. Because we are so diverse and because we love sharing this diversity, we have become strong. Soon many of us will be taking part in the formation of new classes. Despite what your parents may have said, the most important thing you will do at college will not be hitting the books or acing a test. It will be strengthening your personality - your individuality - through new friendships, new disagreements, new environments and new experiences.

The Reality of War Exposed in Journeys End by R.C Sheriff :: English Literature

The Reality of War Exposed in Journeys End by R.C Sheriff In the play â€Å"Journey’s end† R.C Sherrif recreates the tremendous stress and fear by the men at the front in the First World War. In this essay I am going to focus on two characters, who show stress and fear. The two characters the essay will focus on are Stanhope, who is the captain and Hibbert who is an officer. A couple of background realities about the war are that it started in 1914 and a numerous countries were changed like Germany and England. This war was dissimilar to other wars that were formerly fought because they used more up to date weapons such as gas bombs and machine guns. It was estimated that nine million people died. R.C Sherriff was once himself in the World War one, as an officer in the East Surrey Regiment. He was injured in the battle of Passchendael in 1917. Journeys end is based upon his past experiences in the war - reflecting the way he and his comrades lived and fought and repeating some of its events. R.C Sherriff wrote other play, a few novels and quite a few film scripts. R.C Sherriff is best remembered for Journey’s End. R.C Sherriff reconstructs the war in Journey’s end by making the audience feel as if they are there in the war with the characters. The play is based in the officers dug out, which was where the most action took place. In order to make the audience feel as if they were there in the war R.C Sherriff made notes in the stage directions like for example â€Å"the red and green glow of German alarm rockets comes faintly through the dugout door† in this example the stage which the play would be carried out would have been pitch black and red green flashing lights and loud bangs which represents the war, it makes it as if the audience feel as if they were there. The audience would feel like they involved with the characters because of personal things they were saying, for example an argument. The dug out which is shown in most scenes of the play, where it is set is very small with only one table. The situations in the trenches would have been extremely uncomfortable for the men; this can be very stressful for the men at times. This can be noticed from certain things in the characters actions, â€Å"Captain hardy a red faced positive looking man is sitting on a box by the table, he concentrated on drying his sock over a candle flame†.

Isaiah Essay -- essays research papers

Spring 2005 Professor: Book review Mission in the Old Testament CRITICAL BOOK REVIEW Bibliographical Data: Kaiser, Walter C. Jr. Mission in the Old Testament – Israel as a Light to the Nations. Baker Books: Grand Rapids, MI. January 2004. Information about the Author: â€Å"Walter C. Kaiser, Jr. is president and Colman M. Mockler Distinguished Professor of Old Testament at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary.† He has a Doctorate. He is also the author or coauthor of several books. He is a strong advocate for Christians making God’s missionary purpose a central theme in their lives. â€Å"Missions cannot be an afterthought for the Old Testament: it is the heart and core of the plan of God† (38). Walter desires for the church, to not only participate in blessing to the greatest of ability, but also to receive the supreme blessings the Lord has to offer us. Purpose of the Author: â€Å"God’s eternal plan was to provide salvation for all peoples; it was never intended to be reserved for one special group, such as the Jews, even as an initial offer! It is the history of this offer and the way it was carried out in Old Testament times that will form the heart of our study here† (10). Through this book Kaiser wants his reader to understand the correlation or the connecting point between the Old Testament and New Testament pertaining to missions. Kaiser wants the reader to understand that Genesis is the beginning for the call of missions, not the New Testament. He yearns for the reader to reflect on what he has to say and not only share his burden, but act on it. Kaiser’s main purpose and focus is to fully define, expound, and elucidate the Old Testament mission in a way that his readers’ could have a better understanding. â€Å"Mission points to a central action: the act of being sent with a commission to carry out the will of a superior. It is God who commissions and God who sends† (11). â€Å"Israel was to be God’s missionaries to the world-and thereby so are all who believe in this same gospel† (20). Kaiser puts things into simple terms and charges us or challenges all of us â€Å" Who will go?† Plan of the book: Walter Kaiser’s main theme or plan, if you will, of the book is to refute the notion that the theme of missions inaugurated with the Great commission, but instead missions is a main theme throughout the Bible’s entirety. â€Å" Thus this theme of a mission to the whole world for... ...After reading this book I now have a greater knowledge and understanding for missions. As I said earlier it is God’s will that we are all called to be some form of missionary. When people think â€Å"missionary† they automatically think foreign land, but that’s not what the word missionary means. Going to a foreign land is just one form of being a missionary. We are all called or charged by God to be some form of a missionary. Recommendation: I personally have benefited greatly from reading Mission in the Old Testament. At first when assigned this book I assumed it was a book only for those who are preparing to go into the mission field to be used as a guide and a tool, but as I later discovered that my assumption was wrong. Instead this book was written for anyone who desires to know God’s plan, God’s purpose, God’s will, and God’s call for their personal life. I also recommend it to be used in small study groups such as youth groups or a prayer meeting. I think every new and old Christian, if you will, should read this book. I myself have a greater knowledge and understanding of the Old Testament mission and like I said have a greater burden for God’s missionary plan and purpose.

Obsession of Perfection Essay

The relentless pursuit of human perfection has always been an intrinsic trait of human nature and science has been a mean to achieve it. This statement brings us to the main idea of Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"The Birth-mark.† It shows the story of a scientist who is obsessed with the removal of his wife’s birthmark, considering it a symbol of her human imperfection. â€Å"The Birth-mark† is possibly influenced by Hawthorne’s times where science began to gain knowledge about our world and was considerably glorified, through scientific experiment, humankind can discover, know, and do just about anything. As the narrator explains, â€Å"In those days when the comparatively recent discovery of electricity and other kindred mysteries of Nature seemed to open paths into the region of miracle, [†¦] in its depth and absorbing energy† (Hawthorne 209). The author’s story presents some critical issues about what it signifies to be human, how much science can tell us about the world, what happens when human beings attempt to subvert nature through science, and possibly more significantly, should we try to â€Å"play God† in this manner. â€Å"The Birth-mark† like other stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne provides us with moral allegories and much of the meaning is through Hawthorne’s use of symbolism that addresses the themes such as manipulation of science, humanity’s flaws, and obsession with perfection. Hawthorne uses an intriguing plot and unique characterization in order to teach lessons about the imperfectability of humans by examining at the misuse of science. Since Hawthorne is involved in the telling of a moral tale, it is appropriate to consider in this essay the ways â€Å"The Birth-mark† takes the moral to warn its readers about the dangers of science and obsession with perfection. Therefore, this essay will discuss the meaning of the more obvious lessons that Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"The Birth-mark† suggests, the imperfect nature of humankind, the limitations that science has, and the contentment that humans should have on what they already possess. The main character Aylmer, â€Å"a man of science ÃŒ ¶ an eminent proficient in every branch of natural philosophy† (Hawthorne 209), suffers from a blind obsession about a tiny red birthmark resembling the shape of a hand that his gorgeous wife Georgiana has on her cheek. As Aylmer declares: â€Å"Ah, upon another face perhaps it might,† replied her husband; â€Å"but never on yours. No, dearest Georgiana, you came so nearly perfect from the hand of Nature, that this slightest possible defect ÃŒ ¶ which we hesitate whether to term a defect or a beauty ÃŒ ¶ shocks me, as being the visible mark of earthly imperfection† (Hawthorne 209). He seeks to remove his wife’s birthmark, the symbol of necessarily flawed humanity, and make her perfect. Georgiana’s birthmark represents man’s imperfections, the very imperfections that make her human. The birthmark is deeply ingrained in her face. â€Å"It was the fatal flaw of humanity which Nature, in one shape or another, stamps ineffaceably on all her productions, either to imply that they are temporary and finite, or that their perfection must be wrought by toil and pain† (Hawthorne 211). We can assume that, symbolically, this passage implies that man’s imperfections are deeply embedded in his nature. â€Å"The Birthmark† illustrates the flaws of mankind, but its most significant declaration is that to be human is inevitably to be flawed. To struggle for perfection is to deny human’s own nature, to deny what makes us human, and to achieve such perfection is essentially impossible. It becomes clear when the narrator of the story describes Georgiana’s death â€Å"The fatal hand had grappled with the mystery of life, and was the bond by which an angelic spirit kept itself in union with a mortal frame. As the last crimson tint of the birthmark–that sole token of human imperfection–faded from her cheek, the parting breath of the now perfect woman passed into the atmosphere, and her soul, lingering a moment near her husband, took its heavenward flight† (Hawthorne 222), by eliminating Georgiana’s imperfection, Aylmer also liberates her of her humanity. Once she is perfect, once she is no longer flawed, Georgiana can no longer live. Hawthorne’s message is that being imperfect is just part of being human. If you are not flawed, you are not human anymore. It seems then; that the central lesson and underlying moral message behind this passage is that trying to put a small mistake way up out of proportion, in attempt to create something perfect, only destroys a good thing and leave us  with the fatal consequences that come with senseless obsession of pursuing perfection. Another example of a moral lesson that Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"The Birth-mark† suggests is that science really does have its limitations. There are certain things that humans are not privileged to know or capable of doing. It is not only arrogant, the story seems to implies, but absolutely dangerous to try to play God. â€Å"Much as he had accomplished, she could not but observe that his most splendid successes were almost invariably failures [†¦] His brightest diamonds were the merest pebbles, and felt to be so by himself, in comparison with the inestimable gems which lay hidden beyond his reach† (Hawthorne 217). Aylmer cannot discover everything about Nature; he has failed in his past experiments and he will fail again with Georgiana. One of the many morals of the story is that Nature carefully protects her secrets and cannot be overcome or even matched by man. As we discuss in the introduction of this essay, Hawthorne wrote â€Å"The Birthmark† at a time when the scientific method was being glorified and people were starting to think science really could take us anywhere we wanted to go. â€Å"The Birthmark† is presenting Nature as the personified creator of all things, as a god. There are implications in the story about moral ethical issues as science tests new drugs in human beings for instance, or scientists playing to be god like in the case of human cloning. Finally, it delivers the moral about what happens when human beings attempt to challenge and alter nature that can and often will end in tragic consequences. Aylmer’s gorgeous wife, Georgiana is highly desirable because of her beauty. The narrator describes her, declaring: â€Å"Georgiana’s lovers were wont to say that some fairy at her birth hour had laid her tiny hand upon the infant’s cheek, [†¦] to give her such sway over all hearts† (Hawthorne 210). She is perfect in every way, except for one tiny flaw that Aylmer can’t accept. â€Å"At all the seasons which should have been their happiest, he invariably [†¦] opened his eyes upon his wife’s face and recognized the symbol of imperfection† (Hawthorne 211). Aylmer is more and more bothered by his  wife’s birthmark. He grows to find it utterly intolerable, and even describes it â€Å"as the symbol of his wife’s liability to sin, sorrow, decay, and death† (Hawthorne 211). The obsession with perfection blinds Aylmer to the true beauty and humanity of his wife, showing the struggle between accepting her true n atural beauty and man’s inability to perceive it and appreciate what nature has bestowed upon him. As the story revels through this important quote â€Å"Do not repent [†¦] you have rejected the best the earth could offer† (Hawthorne 222). Hawthorne’s critical lesson is that Aylmer didn’t recognize how lucky he was to have Georgiana. At the end of the story Aylmer is punished for being dissatisfied with a woman who pledged her love and entrusted her life to him, a woman whose inner and outer beauty he could not see and his discontentment snatch away the most perfect thing in his life, Georgiana. Contentment on what we have is the central lesson of this passage when sometimes; it is enough to just finish a task, even if it is not perfect because striving to make it perfect could end up spoiling many things in the process. At the end of â€Å"The Birthmark,† Aylmer both succeeds and fails. He succeeds in that he finally rid his wife of her birthmark. He fails in that†¦she is dead. Finally, this story involve man’s desire to prefect what is already perfect and the use of science as a flawed tool to attain this perfection. Sure, Georgiana dies right afterwards, but the fact remains that Aylmer does indeed succeed in removing the birthmark from Georgiana’s cheek. What does this say about man’s ability to conquer nature? â€Å"The end justifies the means.† You can use bad or immoral methods as long as you accomplish something â€Å"good† by using them. It is acceptable to do something bad in order to obtain something good? Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. †The Birth-mark†. Pearson Custom Library Introduction to Literature. Eds. Cain, Kathleen Shine, Kathleen Fitzpatrick, JN, et. al. Boston: Pearson Learning Solution, 2013. 209-222. Print.

Relationship between Development and Democracy

The rapid governmental transformation that exemplified the stand firm decade of the quondam(prenominal) century in heterogeneous listries of the world boost a re untrieded interest in the kinship among outgrowth and nation (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 55). The financial statement in the mid-sixties had been that state was positively interrelated to the aim of modization, and then viewed as the equivalence of victimization. The ii succeeding decades were much(prenominal) to a greater extent than(prenominal) cautious intimately every much(prenominal) descent. It was solo the turbulent presbyopic time following the f tot on the wholey of communism and the attempts to go on out away from dictatorial modes of rule that encouraged comparative politics students to revisit the ontogeny mass rule contact (Chan, 2002, p. 89).The students of Latin American politics had al speedy started to respond to disentangle efforts embarked on in their region in the early 1980 s. It was in the 1990s that issues of democratisation reentered the mainstream of comparative politics. The re-orientation in the field of honor of comparative politics has already resulted in a wide range of earthly concernations.Mapping the Major ApproachesDevelopment and state atomic heel 18 both(prenominal) real composite beliefs as they guide to mean several(predicate) issues to different population. For example, conceptions of learning spend a penny miscellanea over time in the shield out five decades from existence the equivalence of modernization to world relate with overcoming loving inequities and on to providing opportunities for individuals in the marketplace and institutional improvements in the name of good governance. The exposition of nation has been the subject of much debate as to whether it should be a minimalist concept efficacious for analytical functions (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 57).I suggest that it whitethorn be helpful to follow a distinction along 2 axes. The commencement is methodological and epistemological where the twain end intimates argon federal agency and structure. The second is squ be in nature which differentiates between a concent score on on elite or circumstances direct. The geomorphologicalist herald upes typically adopt a diachronic standpoint in explaining the success or failure of democratization.The development and majority rule similarly varies in terms of its focus on elites or the mass of the population. Those who be clienteleed with providing prescriptive ad frailness be to be way on the privileged because they ar the wizs straight off disturbanceed with making policy. semi governmental scientists consider amassed rich knowledge near democratization a in force(p) that we can tell the policy-making elite what traps to keep away from and what opportunities to weigh a shit hold of. This ashes the ultimate remainder of policy-making science as closely hatf ul in the discipline ar in all probability to adopt a to a greater extent humble position, realizing that our knowledge of democratization is quieten truly general and fragmented (Chan, 2002, p. 144).The University of sugar administered a surveil which has contributed to an understanding of how benevolents honours and preferences shift in result to changes in material circumstances. Associations alike count in this type of political studies. The long term positive outcome comes from people working together in petite scale groups.Structuralist studiesStructuralist studies sustain evolved over the past 40 years and it has been proved that this is a fruitful bea of research. Three issues present crystallized as creation of finicky interest(1) Does place in the spheric stinting round content?(2) Does trend or brotherly structure matter? and(3) Do value changes ca apply by morphological circumstanceors matter?I shall discuss these issues in turn before focusing on just about of the methodological challenges associated with this approach.Location in the world(prenominal) sparingal orderStudies in this bea relieve wholenessself a long pedigree with many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) other well-known political sociologists and political economists having do contributions. The original finding was that the to a greater extent(prenominal) prosperous a nation, the greater the chances that it lead maintain body politic (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 68). It was non the location in the world-wide economic order that was pregnant, but the ability of a province to adopt the structural and cultural features associated with modern community, i.e. an urbanized and educated population as well as an industrialized economy.Using the reverse type of statistical synopsis, scholars wealthy person present that level of economic development consistently appears as a statistically and substantively authoritative tempt on democracy (Haggard, 20 03). The level of economic development alone accounts for much variance in democracy than all other item-by-item variables taken altogether. therefore, near students of development and democracy argon ready to distribute it as much(prenominal) a strong correlational statistics that it must non to be in question.Even if it is a diligent traffichip, it raises questions about what in that association truly matters, and what kind of conclusions to draw there from. The thing which matters is at least in break up containd by how the dependent and independent variables atomic number 18 specified. It has been free-base that patch macrocosm well-to-do matters at the level of gull national comparison it is non necessarily the economic but the social factors, much(prenominal) as education literacy that are the more powerful explanatory variables (Chan, 2002, p. 123).Few scholars know questioned whether it is the rate of economic growth or the level of economic developmen t that is more important. The prospects to arrest participatory countries are rather dim, not because intimately Third populace nations bewilder low average per capita incomes, but because the economic development is not fast enough or the rate of growth is slow. The possible brilliance of location in the worldwide economic order is alike a very significant variable. Economic development has a differential impact and it matters most in the industrialized countries, yet half(prenominal) as much in the fishing tackle peripheral countries, and veritable(a) less so for countries in the periphery (Haggard, 2003).Studies have also established a positive correlation between key variables but they do not necessarily rein in everything that matters in the development democracy equation. single whitethorn get in that the economic development matters the most in the core or the industrialized countries because it has been present there for a perennial time period. It is not only the domestic environment of the countries in the periphery that counts but also their exterior environment. one and only(a) of the gaps that need to be filled in the research on development and democracy is clearly what difference globalization repairs. The relationship between globalization, socio-economic development and democracy is of superlative importance (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 52).Economic c processions and other work bothers in the non popular regimes help publicize a participatory diversity. Using data for most 100 Third World nations with populations of at least one-million, it was proved that inflationary crises tended to disallow democratization in 1950s and 1960s but seem to have facilitated the equivalent process in the late 1980s. some other proposition is that there is no relationship between per capita income level and the hazard of parliamentary transition contrary to what was indicated earlier. One such reason whitethorn be maturation interna tional pressure to democratize (Johansson, 2002, p. 23).The lineament of Class StructureThis type of body of work is useful for focusing on wide arrogant causal processes that hold a endanger infinite and time, but needs to be complemented by those that include more characteristic explanations that hold at certain times or in certain regions only (Chan, 2002, p. 24). The analysis of specific historic events or processes is much an unavoidable complement to statistical techniques, especially if the objective of the research is to concentrate on the occurrence of discrete events within their historical context.The capitalist economic development creates increase pressure for democratization by promote the emergence of a middle discipline has been very broadly accepted without a bourgeoisie, no democracy. This sets the broader parameters for the development of democracy by liberalizing economic market forces and thereby, also individualizing both behaviors and choices. compar e Germany and Japan, which adopted a fascist approach to rule, with the UK and USA, which chose a participatory path, the class is an extremely vital factor. The middle class or the bourgeoisie enjoys a degree of self-sufficiency by being able to contour line the course of political development in any direction. It is not expected that the middle-class will choose a egalitarian path over a non democratic one. It all depends on how they manage the challenges that structural factors present in the economy (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 53).With economic liberalization being pushed around the world, one can hypothesize that class whitethorn grow in significance. Deeper social inequalities are reported from all regions of the world and Livelihoods are being threatened, quality of life is exit down for a bulk of people, more specifically in the Third World countries. The most im mediate issue is how to pass water the concept of class operational. There is no universal accord about how th at should be done. It is not easy at this point to arrive at any square(a) conclusions about the relationship between the class and the prospect of transition to democracy. In a stolon attempt to do so, it was embed that class structure does not have an impact on the likelihood that a nation makes a transition to democracy (Chan, 2002, p. 67).It is a path breaking study that points to the need for many more studies in this area and the surveys that try to measure peoples congenital perception of class. Survey data are available for industrialized nations but are yet to be collected in developing countries. much(prenominal) data would importantly improve our ability to say something about the relationship between class and the probability of transition to democracy.Value ChangesChanges in the economy do not only create modern forms of social stratification as they also influence our cultural values. Modernization and value change is the subject of several important studies in t he field of comparative politics. subjective aspirations reflect the nature of objective conditions, a point that is associated traditionally with Marxism but is also reflected in psychological theories (Doorenspleet, 2002, p. 58). The strengthening of valet striving for self expression that follows from enlarging peoples cognitive and physical resources (modernization) reduces constraints on the level of ballock rules by generating negative and positive freedom rights (democratization). Using data from 63 societies, it was embed that(1) Democratization originates in aspiration adjustments on individual level,(2) Democracy does not break away directly from economic changes but done shifts in honest values,(3) This sequence has cross cultural validity, and,(4) The sequence holds against rival influences, the multinational infusion of changes in traditionally affiliated societies.More research is needed to ascertain whether these findings hold if other data sets are used, th e whimsey that democratization in a effrontery society is the result of both ethical and material changes is important. It is suggested that the dynamics of social change is driven more by intragroup than external factors. We do not specifically address this issue here, but it is one that should be considered in the light of amplified global communications (Haggard, 2003).Methodological IssuesOne of the riddles with research on democracy and development is that scholars using numeric methods tend to ignore those using qualitative methods, and vice versa. The latter tend to use abstruse concepts which are applied to a very small number of cases, whereas the former tend to rely on thin concepts that are applied to a large number of cases. Due to the drop of dialogue between these two researcher groups, the task of well-read more about causal relations has been stifled.The assumption being that qualitative researchers bidding a key role in opening up novel areas of inquiry, wh ile the numericly oriented can determine the extent to which findings can be understandd. In short, the study of development and democracy requires both approaches since both of them are complementary to to each one other (Johansson, 2002, p. 23).There are many troubles with the lively state of knowledge in this field that stem from methodological inadequacies. The first concern is the quality of the data available. There has been a heavy reliance on the granting immunity House Index (FHI) of Civil Liberties and Political Rights. With a couple of(prenominal) other data sets available, it is sooner understandable that many researchers have found the FHI handy.There are at least two problems with that Index. The first is that it relies on the evaluative comment of a panel of experts rather than primordial data collected in survey form. The scores in the Index, while not entirely invalid, nonetheless die hard from deprivation of representativeness of opinions in individual na tions (Johansson, 2002, p. 213). The second problem is that the cumulative scores provided for each indicator and country tends to be rather rough. This lack of differentiation is also obvious in many studies that use other data. or so researchers have to settle for a sub-optimal choice, because it is extremely herculean to identify a singular manifestation. reliableness refers to the prospect that the same data collection process would produce the same data. gemination prevails whenever other scholars are able to puke the process through which data were generated.Structured contingencyIf the structuralist concern with the pre-requisites of democracy constitutes the first genesis of studies on democratization, a distinct second generation has emerged in the past two decades that is more process oriented and focused on detail choice. This innovative approach incorporates institutional factors as explanatory variables (Haggard, 2003). Democratization is understand as a historic al process with analytically distinct, if empirically overlapping, stages of consolidation and transition. A variety of actors with different followings, calculations, preferences, resources and time horizons come to the fore during these successive stages.These stages vary in terms of degree of uncertainty accustomed at each point. During regime transitions, interactions, and political calculations are highly uncertain, actors find it saturated to know what their interests are, who their victualsers are, and which groups will be their ally or opponents. The absence of predictable rules of the bet on during a regime transition expands the boundaries of contingent choice (Johansson, 2002, p. 88). A government is being consolidated whenever contending groups come to accept some set of rules, formal or informal, about who gets what, when and how from politics.Power-share-out arrangementsDemocratization oft runs into grave arduousies because societies are split up vertically rath er than horizontally. Resource conflicts are not interpreted in straight-forward social class terms but take on meaning only in the context of identity politics. Whether ethnicity, race or religion constitutes the line along which cleavages are defined, they pose a special problem for democratizing countries specifically because the issue of inclusion in regime is conflated with inclusion in the community. strategical choices are socially or culturally embedded to such an amount that it becomes difficult to produce governance agreements that satisfy all parties to the conflict (Johansson, 2002, p. 56).The problems of exclusion and inclusion do not fade away when new institutions are being adopted and lay out into operation. Democratization itself may aggravate such problems precisely because it brings elements of openness and competition into the political progression. Conceptions of the scope of the political community become more prominent as people interact with each other in the public realm and have to make choices about who is an insider and who is an outsider. One of the ironies of democratization is that, as the future is being planned, the past intrudes with escalating severity. There is no such thing as a fresh start in culturally plural societies differences in historical depth are likely to matter.For example, where the theory of first-comers is deeply rooted, claims of political priority by virtue of indigenousness are typically made to confront those deemed to be immigrants (Haggard, 2003). atomic number 63 and Asia are particularly full of such claims. Sri Lankan Tamils sincerely belong to South India. Chinese in Indonesia and Malaysia are immigrants and Bengalis are illicitly in Assam. The Balkans, the Baltic and the Caucasus regions of the former USSR are other examples of places where such claims are being made. They are particularly substantial to patch up because they are frequently embedded in religious differences that reinforce t he ethnic holding and have a long history.Electoral modalitiesIn the 1990s, big attention was paid to how different electoral rules may help promote inclusiveness. Such rules are the most specific artful instrument of politics. Africans realized this point at independence and many leaders proceeded to promote inclusiveness within a democratically intentional single caller system. Although the principle of competitory elections within a single party system was an interesting innovation, practical survive soon showed that sustaining the democratic element in such system became very hard (Chan, 2002, p. 345).Most of the conversation on what difference electoral systems or modalities make has focused on the comparative advantages of proportional representation and majority systems. The combination of parliamentary system with a proportional system of representation as the constitutional arrangement most likely to serve racially divided societies well. It is only in industrialist societies with a more sprinkle population that proportional representation (PR) has the intend effectuate of enhancing the distribution of power among elites. some other study of electoral systems in grey Africa maintains that a mixed member proportional system (MMP), as used in Germany and New Zealand, may prove to be particularly relevant in countries such as South Africa where forms of power sharing have been considered vital to a boffo democratic transition (Haggard, 2003).Legal SystemsOne of the more possessive arguments for the link between liberal democracy and capitalism rests on the premise that with the rise of a private property regime, the terra firma of the landlord is fully severed from the state, thus consolidating the withdrawal between public and private spheres of power. capitalistic economic rule is no longer legitimated politically by reference to the performance of communal functions. Private power is stabilised to the extent that democratic principles o f rule are successfully insulated within a public domain (Johansson, 2002, p. 98). This emphasis on human rights has also brought a renewed importance to concepts such as rule of jurisprudence and by implication to the role of heavy systems in democratization.Civil SocietyCivil society is a pestilential concept. It refers to all voluntary associations that have been created to mediate relations between the state and the family household. This excludes fat enterprises since their purpose is not to associate individuals to the state. Most students of well-bred society take a functional view of the society find in all associations regardless of their normative stand on the democracy issue. umpteen nations that are attempting to consolidate democracy suffer from what is sometimes referred to as a polite deficit. This entails that society is short of the values that really help build democracy.This deficit frequently stems from disenchantment with the political leadership. The new democratic regime proves ineffective in various ways, such as not being able to curb corruption or to deliver tangible policy results. erst the transition from dictatorial rule has been made, it is more difficult to mobilize popular support for the measures that are necessary to keep the democratic process on the track. The civilized society is most effective in the sign phase of the transition. It tends to lose its implication in the political process as it moves from transition to consolidation (Chan, 2002, p. 266).Social movements clearly energize civil society. They often lead major political transitions, but they also contribute to keeping civil society healthy at other times. Without such movements, the impact of civil society on democracy would be much less significant. Without implying that social movements continuously work for a civic or democratic cause (Johansson, 2002, p. 143). It seems a operable proposition to state that a democratic change without the backi ng of a social movement is less likely to contact something than one with such backing.ConclusionTo conclude, it may be worth making a few general observations on the studies of development and democracy. The first is that the difference between qualitative and quantitative studies is often exaggerated. There are substantive differences between the two, but they lie not in the criteria used to create and trim a particular research target but in the manner in which the former is executed (Haggard, 2003). It is primarily in the execution of research that quantitative statistical analyzes come to differ from qualitative forms of study. When it comes to excogitation research, considerable qualitative reasoning goes into shrewd quantitative studies.When choosing the unit of analysis, indicators for measurement and set of cases, qualitative criteria are being used to justify the program. The qualitative reasoning enters into the design in at least two ways first, by differentiating between europium and Latin America and the second, by manner of speaking in the concept of stability, which does not even feature in the conceptual definition of democracy (Chan, 2002, p. 67). We should be alert to the fact that the distinction between qualitative and quantitative forms of reasoning is more blurred than many scholars would have us believe.The second observation is that the relationships between variables are not unendingly linear in a causal sense. The study of the development democracy nexus provides ample of evidence that the relations are often interactive development, or dimensions thereof, influences democracy but scope of democracy may also affect development. Modernists and Marxists tend to assume that political democracy is the outcome of underlying changes in the socio-economic or cultural spheres.Those who fundamentally believe in human agency would argue that institutions and choices can be made to shape developmental outcomes. Much of the occurren t debate in the international development community focuses on the independent effects that good governance is expected to have on various aspects of development (Haggard, 2003).The 3rd and final observation concerns the propensity to treat findings as universal or to generalize without taking into consideration the potential influence of contextual variables. Much knowledge that is acquired on the issues relating to development and democracy are both time and context specific. Changing either temporal or spatial dimensions may have significant influence on the results.Generalizations that hold across national and regional boundaries are typically at a high level of aggregation. The challenge that we often face in our research is not only to disaggregate or deconstruct these concepts and variables but also to continue testing how outlying(prenominal) these general findings still hold at lower levels of aggregation.In sum, whichever way we turn in the research exercise, there are c hallenges just around the corner (Haggard, 2003). The contributors to this essay are highlighting many of these challenges, thereby providing a sense of what comparative politics have achieved so far and also what remains to be done.